0
00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:04,000


1
00:00:34,166 --> 00:00:37,795
He drew the six stars of the
Bull, the Pleiades are called,

2
00:00:38,086 --> 00:00:40,805
six, because the seventh
hardly ever appears,

3
00:00:41,046 --> 00:00:44,006
around which another
40 stars are crowded,

4
00:00:44,006 --> 00:00:46,166
invisible to the
naked eye, far away

5
00:00:46,166 --> 00:00:47,997
by no more than
just half a degree.

6
00:00:48,326 --> 00:00:51,806
By virtue of his telescope, a very
faithful copy of which I show you here,

7
00:00:51,806 --> 00:00:55,086
obtained with a system
of valuable Dutch lenses,

8
00:00:55,086 --> 00:00:57,964
the Milky Way, which
appeared to us like a cloud,

9
00:00:58,206 --> 00:00:59,846
has been inspected and studied

10
00:00:59,846 --> 00:01:02,926
to such a precise degree that we
can call the countless disputes

11
00:01:02,926 --> 00:01:05,679
that tormented philosophers
for centuries as resolved.

12
00:01:06,006 --> 00:01:09,006
The galaxy, in fact, appeared
clearly like a tannery

13
00:01:09,006 --> 00:01:10,206
of countless stars.

14
00:01:10,206 --> 00:01:12,446
The thing is clear
in whatever region

15
00:01:12,446 --> 00:01:14,676
the observer directs
the telescope at.

16
00:01:15,046 --> 00:01:19,166
Galileo Galilei then divulged
that four planets exist in the skies,

17
00:01:19,166 --> 00:01:22,841
that have never been seen
since the origins of the world

18
00:01:23,086 --> 00:01:27,079
and that he had discovered and observed
their positions, over two months.

19
00:01:28,446 --> 00:01:30,966
They told us that the mathematician
of the Grand Duke of Florence

20
00:01:30,966 --> 00:01:33,086
has also discovered
the secret of sun spots,

21
00:01:33,086 --> 00:01:34,846
what news do you
give us on this point?

22
00:01:34,846 --> 00:01:38,526
At Florence I discovered that Galilei
has studied this point a good deal

23
00:01:38,526 --> 00:01:41,646
but unfortunately he still
cannot give a definitive reply,

24
00:01:41,646 --> 00:01:45,406
or better, if the spots are
really vapours, exhalations,

25
00:01:45,406 --> 00:01:48,046
clouds, or fumes produced
by the solar body.

26
00:01:48,046 --> 00:01:50,606
About the nature of these
spots he is still uncertain

27
00:01:50,606 --> 00:01:53,678
as there could be a thousand
other things we cannot see.

28
00:01:54,566 --> 00:01:58,006
But the thing about the sun,
he believes he can state,

29
00:01:58,006 --> 00:01:59,519
as an absolute certainty,

30
00:01:59,806 --> 00:02:02,006
one of his convictions, agreeing

31
00:02:02,006 --> 00:02:05,326
his studies with those of
the Pole Copernicus is that

32
00:02:05,326 --> 00:02:08,246
<i>the mobility of the earth
is the stability of the sun</i>

33
00:02:08,246 --> 00:02:11,795
<i>around which the planets move
according to fixed orbits.</i>

34
00:02:12,406 --> 00:02:13,395
May I?

35
00:02:13,726 --> 00:02:14,317
Yes go ahead.

36
00:02:14,606 --> 00:02:16,722
If Mr Galilei
insists in his mistake...

37
00:02:16,926 --> 00:02:19,366
It's not a mistake, it's
a reasonable hypothesis.

38
00:02:19,366 --> 00:02:23,120
But he's denying the Bible, Joshua
in fact told the sun to stop

39
00:02:23,326 --> 00:02:26,398
and on his command, the sun,
moving through the skies, stopped.

40
00:02:26,846 --> 00:02:29,246
It is clear that the words
of the Bible must be

41
00:02:29,246 --> 00:02:32,086
interpreted in a different
way. And Galilei...

42
00:02:32,086 --> 00:02:35,246
I am saying that if he continues
to insist in his mistake

43
00:02:35,246 --> 00:02:37,486
I do not see why
you should divulge

44
00:02:37,486 --> 00:02:38,846
his theory to us,

45
00:02:38,846 --> 00:02:41,326
right here at the noble
La Fleche college.

46
00:02:41,326 --> 00:02:42,884
You have talked of Galilei

47
00:02:43,086 --> 00:02:44,439
as if he were a new Aristotle,

48
00:02:44,886 --> 00:02:46,285
his doctrine is mistaken,

49
00:02:46,606 --> 00:02:48,006
an error he has committed

50
00:02:48,006 --> 00:02:50,726
because of his pride which
confuses the faith of the people.

51
00:02:50,726 --> 00:02:53,566
The earth is at the centre of
the universe, all the testimonies

52
00:02:53,566 --> 00:02:55,646
of men , of the humble
just like of the learned,

53
00:02:55,646 --> 00:02:58,766
confirm this truth from
the beginning of time.

54
00:02:58,766 --> 00:03:02,441
I find all your disdain
exaggerated Mr De Bastion.

55
00:03:02,646 --> 00:03:05,286
Our intelligence must
never be subjected

56
00:03:05,286 --> 00:03:07,038
to an unreasonable
fear of an error,

57
00:03:07,246 --> 00:03:09,846
it must confront it and know it,

58
00:03:09,846 --> 00:03:11,916
in order to win over it.

59
00:03:12,206 --> 00:03:15,686
Galilei's hypotheses have raised
numerous criticisms every where,

60
00:03:15,686 --> 00:03:18,996
men of science and of the
church have rushed to warn him,

61
00:03:19,286 --> 00:03:21,326
but as far as we know,
a definitive judgement

62
00:03:21,326 --> 00:03:23,965
has still not been
pronounced about his doctrine.

63
00:03:24,486 --> 00:03:26,846
And if his calculations
prove to be correct,

64
00:03:26,846 --> 00:03:29,280
they will not be able to
contradict the truth in any way.

65
00:03:29,886 --> 00:03:32,246
I think it is important for
all of you to apply yourselves

66
00:03:32,246 --> 00:03:33,606
to studying the information

67
00:03:33,606 --> 00:03:36,646
that Mr De Simone has brought
us from Florence. Deo Gratia.

68
00:03:36,646 --> 00:03:37,840
Deo Gratia.

69
00:03:45,486 --> 00:03:46,526
May the others come forward.

70
00:03:46,526 --> 00:03:48,756
I say that it is absurd
to compare Galileo to Aristotle.

71
00:03:49,166 --> 00:03:50,926
Aristotle constructed his doctrine

72
00:03:50,926 --> 00:03:52,646
on a perfect system
of syllogisms,

73
00:03:52,646 --> 00:03:55,486
while Galileo's science is
born by observing the Universe.

74
00:03:55,486 --> 00:03:57,686
Talking is not allowed
Mr Descartes

75
00:03:57,686 --> 00:03:58,596
Excuse me Gentlemen.

76
00:04:03,126 --> 00:04:04,878
Swords in line. Salute.

77
00:04:13,926 --> 00:04:14,642
On guard.

78
00:04:15,966 --> 00:04:16,566
Knee-flex.

79
00:04:16,566 --> 00:04:18,522
On guard. Knee-flex.

80
00:04:18,886 --> 00:04:20,406
On guard. Knew-flex.

81
00:04:20,406 --> 00:04:22,874
On guard. Second defence.
On guard.

82
00:04:23,486 --> 00:04:26,046
Knee-flex.
On guard. At ease.

83
00:04:26,046 --> 00:04:27,525
Lunge. On guard.

84
00:04:27,726 --> 00:04:28,522
Twirl.

85
00:04:30,046 --> 00:04:30,637
Come forward!

86
00:04:31,726 --> 00:04:33,606
You asked permission to read

87
00:04:33,606 --> 00:04:35,446
Cornelio Agrippa's text

88
00:04:35,446 --> 00:04:38,526
''Natural Magic'' and the one by
Giovanni Battista Della Porta

89
00:04:38,526 --> 00:04:39,561
on the same subject.

90
00:04:40,366 --> 00:04:42,926
Yes, I wish to compare them.
I like curious things.

91
00:04:43,286 --> 00:04:46,006
They say that in ''Natural Magic''
there are the best explanations

92
00:04:46,006 --> 00:04:48,286
about magnetism
that can be read

93
00:04:48,286 --> 00:04:50,286
and the most acute observations
about the obscure chamber.

94
00:04:50,286 --> 00:04:51,886
I give you permission
to read them,

95
00:04:51,886 --> 00:04:54,400
but I must remind you
about what our rule advises.

96
00:04:55,326 --> 00:04:58,366
<i>In these kinds of studies
it opportune to incite, push</i>

97
00:04:58,366 --> 00:05:00,046
<i>and encourage those in need</i>

98
00:05:00,046 --> 00:05:02,606
<i>and it is necessary to slow
down those who run too fast.</i>

99
00:05:02,886 --> 00:05:05,354
<i>And you my dear
Descartes run a lot.</i>

100
00:05:06,606 --> 00:05:08,766
<i>Our purpose is
that of acquiring knowledge</i>

101
00:05:08,766 --> 00:05:10,677
<i>to help souls with the aid of God,</i>

102
00:05:11,046 --> 00:05:14,966
<i>and therefore, in every study we follow
the strictest and most appropriate doctrine</i>

103
00:05:14,966 --> 00:05:18,766
<i>and we adopt the authors who
teach this and an order is followed.</i>

104
00:05:18,766 --> 00:05:21,886
<i>This why only after
having laid down a solid foundation</i>

105
00:05:21,886 --> 00:05:25,286
<i>with a knowledge of Latin,
humanistic arts and logic,</i>

106
00:05:25,286 --> 00:05:28,486
<i>natural and moral philosophy,
metaphysics and theology</i>

107
00:05:28,486 --> 00:05:30,795
<i>can become the object of careful study</i>

108
00:05:31,406 --> 00:05:33,397
I adhere scrupulously to this rule.

109
00:05:34,126 --> 00:05:36,926
But I do not feel any
enthusiasm for these sciences.

110
00:05:36,926 --> 00:05:37,606
I know.

111
00:05:37,606 --> 00:05:40,406
Cornelio Agrippa's book
on natural magic

112
00:05:40,406 --> 00:05:43,955
will certainly give you more pleasure
than a scholastic philosophical text.

113
00:05:44,206 --> 00:05:44,956
Go now.

114
00:05:45,246 --> 00:05:46,281
I thank you Father.

115
00:05:53,446 --> 00:05:55,886
Young Descartes is full of curiosity,

116
00:05:55,886 --> 00:05:58,406
I gave him permission to
read another two books.

117
00:05:58,406 --> 00:06:01,318
His passion for the new
sciences is perhaps excessive.

118
00:06:01,606 --> 00:06:05,206
He is convinced that if the
new sciences lead towards the truth,

119
00:06:05,206 --> 00:06:09,484
they help one to discover and
love God who is the real truth.

120
00:06:28,966 --> 00:06:30,081
Are you still studying?

121
00:06:31,886 --> 00:06:34,766
I asked for permission to be able
to conclude this reading of optics.

122
00:06:34,766 --> 00:06:37,519
I know and tomorrow you
are leaving the college.

123
00:06:38,126 --> 00:06:40,594
Ah, it's Della Porta again.

124
00:06:41,166 --> 00:06:42,926
You love physics very much

125
00:06:42,926 --> 00:06:46,446
But truthfully, have you always
been diligent in every subject?

126
00:06:46,446 --> 00:06:48,755
I was a pupil of this
college for nine years,

127
00:06:49,206 --> 00:06:52,915
and I don't think there is another place
in world, where they teach philosophy better,

128
00:06:53,286 --> 00:06:54,435
but you are correct,

129
00:06:55,166 --> 00:06:56,565
the new sciences

130
00:06:57,446 --> 00:06:58,246
are the ones I loved the most.

131
00:06:58,246 --> 00:07:01,124
You want to become a mathematician,
astronomy, isn't that true?

132
00:07:01,326 --> 00:07:05,086
Yes, but my father ordered
me to take the Diploma in Law

133
00:07:05,086 --> 00:07:08,166
at Poitiers University, and
law doesn't interest me at all.

134
00:07:08,166 --> 00:07:09,235
What are you going to do then?

135
00:07:10,046 --> 00:07:11,559
I don't know yet...

136
00:07:13,046 --> 00:07:15,606
Father, I will try to find out.

137
00:07:15,926 --> 00:07:17,962
Give me your news when you can,

138
00:07:18,166 --> 00:07:20,316
I wouldn't like not
knowing any more about you,

139
00:07:20,886 --> 00:07:23,844
the important thing however,
is for you not to get lost in the world

140
00:07:24,206 --> 00:07:26,640
and to do everything
for the greater glory of God.

141
00:07:27,206 --> 00:07:28,116
Of course.

142
00:07:28,366 --> 00:07:29,719
I'll try not to get lost.

143
00:07:30,726 --> 00:07:31,886
Ah the ''Angelus''.

144
00:07:31,886 --> 00:07:32,636
Let's go.

145
00:07:34,406 --> 00:07:36,158
Straightaway after,
I'll get back to reading.

146
00:08:02,566 --> 00:08:05,046
The King's guards have
killed her husband,

147
00:08:05,046 --> 00:08:08,686
Grand Marshal Dams,
the leader of the government.

148
00:08:08,686 --> 00:08:10,836
The faults of bad
government are his.

149
00:08:11,286 --> 00:08:13,206
She was the black
soul of her husband.

150
00:08:13,206 --> 00:08:15,006
The two Italians, with
the Queen's favour

151
00:08:15,006 --> 00:08:16,883
expected to govern France.

152
00:08:17,206 --> 00:08:20,366
I know that Luigi XIII
has given proof of great ability,

153
00:08:20,366 --> 00:08:23,164
he's got rid of them and
the people are satisfied.

154
00:08:29,806 --> 00:08:31,686
Is Mr Le Vasseur at home?

155
00:08:31,686 --> 00:08:32,277
Yes Sir.

156
00:08:42,326 --> 00:08:44,246
Rene Descartes, Landlord of Peron.

157
00:08:44,246 --> 00:08:44,962
Let him in.

158
00:08:52,406 --> 00:08:54,044
I've been awaiting you for several days.

159
00:08:54,686 --> 00:08:56,726
How's your father?
He wrote to me...

160
00:08:56,726 --> 00:08:57,761
But truly...

161
00:08:58,486 --> 00:08:59,566
I don't know sir,

162
00:08:59,566 --> 00:09:01,557
I come from far away,
from La Turenne.

163
00:09:02,126 --> 00:09:03,844
I haven't seen him
for more than two months.

164
00:09:04,446 --> 00:09:07,926
Unfortunately you have
found much excitement at Paris.

165
00:09:07,926 --> 00:09:10,042
Oh, I don't know the
intrigues of court,

166
00:09:14,326 --> 00:09:15,520
but it seems right to me

167
00:09:15,926 --> 00:09:17,646
that the young king
wants to govern himself

168
00:09:17,646 --> 00:09:20,526
rather than letting

169
00:09:20,526 --> 00:09:22,006
an intriguing courtier do so.

170
00:09:22,006 --> 00:09:23,439
Yes, you're right.

171
00:09:23,966 --> 00:09:26,639
What do you intend to
do now that you're in Paris?

172
00:09:26,926 --> 00:09:28,962
What plans do you have?
I could help you.

173
00:09:29,966 --> 00:09:31,115
I've already told
that to my father.

174
00:09:32,046 --> 00:09:34,037
I would really like no one to help me.

175
00:09:35,246 --> 00:09:36,156
I have decided...

176
00:09:37,406 --> 00:09:39,237
not to start any career.

177
00:09:39,566 --> 00:09:41,602
I need to wait still.

178
00:09:41,846 --> 00:09:45,326
But then if you are undecided,
you'll need some help.

179
00:09:45,326 --> 00:09:46,998
No, because I'm
absolutely not undecided.

180
00:09:47,566 --> 00:09:49,206
I just want to find out by myself,

181
00:09:49,206 --> 00:09:50,082
alone...

182
00:09:51,046 --> 00:09:52,240
how this world is made up.

183
00:09:53,326 --> 00:09:54,361
Paris, for example.

184
00:09:55,446 --> 00:09:56,926
Since I left the college

185
00:09:56,926 --> 00:09:57,995
I've realised

186
00:09:59,046 --> 00:10:00,445
that I've learned nothing

187
00:10:01,206 --> 00:10:02,764
that might be useful to me

188
00:10:03,366 --> 00:10:04,162
in life.

189
00:10:07,006 --> 00:10:08,041
<i>Good God</i>

190
00:10:08,526 --> 00:10:10,084
<i>how I adore your hair,</i>

191
00:10:10,926 --> 00:10:13,235
<i>it's like gentle
waves on your forehead.</i>

192
00:10:13,646 --> 00:10:16,114
<i>and it caresses your beauty gently</i>

193
00:10:16,806 --> 00:10:19,366
<i>and it makes me
jealous when I kiss you.</i>

194
00:10:20,806 --> 00:10:22,886
<i>Your mouth is amber and pink,</i>

195
00:10:22,886 --> 00:10:24,956
<i>but your words will
cut me to the quick</i>

196
00:10:25,246 --> 00:10:27,521
<i>if while you kiss
me you do not tell me</i>

197
00:10:28,166 --> 00:10:30,236
<i>that to love is a sublime thing.</i>

198
00:10:33,886 --> 00:10:38,437
<i>Come with me, the wind is blowing
strong, he certainly can't hear us,</i>

199
00:10:39,006 --> 00:10:40,758
<i>and what we'll do here</i>

200
00:10:41,846 --> 00:10:45,202
<i>will be a very sweet mystery.</i>

201
00:10:47,046 --> 00:10:48,399
Wonderful.

202
00:10:50,206 --> 00:10:53,960
You say that you don't like
law, but you certainly love poetry,

203
00:10:54,566 --> 00:10:58,479
and I am sure that you will soon come to
tell me that you have discovered love in Paris.

204
00:10:59,566 --> 00:11:03,036
I want to discover completely
different things here, at Paris.

205
00:11:04,646 --> 00:11:05,966
That's very uninteresting sir.

206
00:11:05,966 --> 00:11:09,402
Oh no it's not, I can
most absolutely assure you.

207
00:11:09,726 --> 00:11:11,762
Come, I'll accompany
you to your room.

208
00:11:31,646 --> 00:11:34,114
Here's your room ,
I hope you like it.

209
00:11:34,486 --> 00:11:35,475
It'll be fine.

210
00:11:36,126 --> 00:11:38,486
Your father wrote that
you are a little wild,

211
00:11:38,486 --> 00:11:40,646
but here you can feel at home.

212
00:11:40,646 --> 00:11:41,476
I thank you, sir.

213
00:12:03,446 --> 00:12:04,435
Put it down here.

214
00:12:58,606 --> 00:12:59,356
Sir!

215
00:13:01,326 --> 00:13:01,766
Sir!

216
00:13:01,766 --> 00:13:02,437
What's up?

217
00:13:03,366 --> 00:13:05,436
You know I don't want to be disturbed.

218
00:13:05,726 --> 00:13:07,557
Yes I know sir, but it's midday.

219
00:13:08,006 --> 00:13:10,839
A man has been waiting for an
answer to this ticket for two hours.

220
00:13:21,326 --> 00:13:24,284
It is an invitation from Father
Mersenne to the ''Padri Minimi'' convent.

221
00:13:26,166 --> 00:13:28,680
Mersenne is an elderly pupil
of the La Fleche college.

222
00:13:29,526 --> 00:13:30,720
Tell him I'll go.

223
00:13:40,886 --> 00:13:41,363
Go, go.

224
00:13:54,886 --> 00:13:57,926
What do think then,
of these false sciences

225
00:13:57,926 --> 00:14:00,759
that affirm without
ever proving anything.

226
00:14:02,726 --> 00:14:06,878
They invoke the hidden qualities
of the moon and the constellations.

227
00:14:08,486 --> 00:14:12,877
What must we think about the many
who give up praying to God and the saints

228
00:14:13,286 --> 00:14:16,403
to direct magic prayers to the stars.

229
00:14:18,646 --> 00:14:21,080
What must we think
about these astrologers

230
00:14:21,886 --> 00:14:22,921
who dare

231
00:14:24,046 --> 00:14:27,800
to make a horoscope
of our Lord Jesus Christ.

232
00:14:31,246 --> 00:14:35,726
A wise man is neither a
diviner nor even less a magician

233
00:14:35,726 --> 00:14:38,035
he is someone who loves the truth

234
00:14:38,566 --> 00:14:41,286
and like Aristotle believes in nature

235
00:14:41,286 --> 00:14:45,120
and shows it by
studying causes

236
00:14:45,326 --> 00:14:47,282
and the succession
of phenomena.

237
00:14:49,006 --> 00:14:52,157
I certainly do not approve
everything about Aristotle

238
00:14:52,446 --> 00:14:55,324
because almost two thousand
years have passed since his death

239
00:14:55,926 --> 00:14:59,077
and man's science
has progressed a good deal.

240
00:15:00,326 --> 00:15:02,760
But as for the search of the truth,

241
00:15:04,966 --> 00:15:06,365
I repeat again here...

242
00:15:07,006 --> 00:15:09,236
What I've said many other times.

243
00:15:09,806 --> 00:15:12,400
Aristotle is an eagle,

244
00:15:13,286 --> 00:15:15,083
the others are just little chicks.

245
00:15:16,126 --> 00:15:17,036
But Reverend Father

246
00:15:17,726 --> 00:15:19,000
in the search for the truth

247
00:15:19,486 --> 00:15:20,714
Plato says one thing,

248
00:15:21,206 --> 00:15:22,886
Aristotle says another,

249
00:15:22,886 --> 00:15:24,160
Epicure another one again,

250
00:15:24,726 --> 00:15:26,326
Agostino seems to
indicate a different way

251
00:15:26,326 --> 00:15:28,237
to that of Tommaso D'Aquino,

252
00:15:28,846 --> 00:15:31,599
Telesio, Campanella,
Bacon and other innovators

253
00:15:31,886 --> 00:15:33,842
bring still yet more
diverse arguments.

254
00:15:34,886 --> 00:15:38,196
You said that apart from Aristotle,
they are all chicks,

255
00:15:38,406 --> 00:15:39,885
don't you think you're exaggerating.

256
00:15:40,566 --> 00:15:42,886
The sums of the
scholastic philosophers

257
00:15:42,886 --> 00:15:44,717
founded on the doctrines of Aristotle

258
00:15:45,086 --> 00:15:48,926
seem to be perfect constructions

259
00:15:48,926 --> 00:15:50,200
that lead to the truth,

260
00:15:51,486 --> 00:15:52,606
when you study them

261
00:15:52,606 --> 00:15:55,086
remaining enclosed
inside the walls of a library

262
00:15:55,086 --> 00:15:55,882
or of a college...

263
00:15:56,166 --> 00:15:58,282
But they seem very remote

264
00:15:58,486 --> 00:15:59,926
when confronted

265
00:15:59,926 --> 00:16:01,439
with the thousands and
thousands of phenomenon

266
00:16:01,726 --> 00:16:03,842
that are the reality of our world.

267
00:16:04,926 --> 00:16:08,086
Can any of these ever teach us
something with authority

268
00:16:08,086 --> 00:16:10,884
about which there
can be no possible doubt.

269
00:16:11,206 --> 00:16:12,400
You are too young,

270
00:16:12,686 --> 00:16:14,406
you still have much to study.

271
00:16:14,406 --> 00:16:17,766
And you talk in an inconsistent
way, probably about Aristotle

272
00:16:17,766 --> 00:16:20,406
you only know the citations
shown to us in the summae...

273
00:16:20,406 --> 00:16:23,726
And you, you... are
certainly Mr Descartes.

274
00:16:23,726 --> 00:16:25,876
My young La Fleche fellow student.

275
00:16:27,486 --> 00:16:29,954
Father Francoise
of the company of Jesus,

276
00:16:30,606 --> 00:16:32,278
recommended this young man to me,

277
00:16:32,846 --> 00:16:34,206
Mr Descartes

278
00:16:34,206 --> 00:16:36,766
who has a great passion
for mathematical sciences.

279
00:16:37,606 --> 00:16:40,126
You'll be able to get to
know him better later.

280
00:16:40,126 --> 00:16:41,115
Certainly gentlemen ,

281
00:16:41,446 --> 00:16:42,959
but I ask you now to continue

282
00:16:43,166 --> 00:16:44,679
and to excuse my interruption.

283
00:16:46,566 --> 00:16:47,286
Well now...

284
00:16:47,286 --> 00:16:49,641
Let's get back to where we were.

285
00:16:53,926 --> 00:16:55,120
Come and look.

286
00:16:59,206 --> 00:16:59,479
Come.

287
00:17:02,486 --> 00:17:05,796
I've had an idea. I've found the way
of measuring the humidity in the air.

288
00:17:06,406 --> 00:17:09,526
Now, I'll show you
what I've thought up.

289
00:17:09,526 --> 00:17:11,801
Look at these two strips of paper,

290
00:17:12,406 --> 00:17:14,920
the first is in its natural state,

291
00:17:15,446 --> 00:17:16,242
this other one

292
00:17:16,446 --> 00:17:18,406
I moistened previously,

293
00:17:18,406 --> 00:17:20,522
shrinks on drying.

294
00:17:20,886 --> 00:17:22,526
With this method, I believe

295
00:17:22,526 --> 00:17:25,757
that I can measure
different degrees of humidity

296
00:17:26,286 --> 00:17:30,199
like we measure different degrees
of heat with a thermoscope.

297
00:17:30,766 --> 00:17:31,596
It's interesting.

298
00:17:36,406 --> 00:17:38,397
You'll see the effect in a few minutes.

299
00:17:39,686 --> 00:17:41,165
I see that in the scientific field

300
00:17:41,966 --> 00:17:43,194
you don't follow Aristotle

301
00:17:44,286 --> 00:17:45,321
but I don't understand...

302
00:17:47,086 --> 00:17:48,599
if you reject his science,

303
00:17:49,166 --> 00:17:52,283
why ever do you
diffuse the philosophy?

304
00:17:52,606 --> 00:17:55,046
You're not telling me that you too

305
00:17:55,046 --> 00:17:56,604
belong to the innovators,

306
00:17:56,886 --> 00:18:00,322
and reject all kinds of philosophy.

307
00:18:01,206 --> 00:18:02,958
No, I don't reject philosophy at all,

308
00:18:04,406 --> 00:18:06,362
but the doctrines appear
to me constructed

309
00:18:06,606 --> 00:18:08,244
on not very safe bases,

310
00:18:09,486 --> 00:18:10,475
such as sand.

311
00:18:11,046 --> 00:18:14,482
I would be displeased
if through this way

312
00:18:14,926 --> 00:18:17,315
you were to reach scepticism,

313
00:18:18,566 --> 00:18:21,638
this is a danger you know well.

314
00:18:22,366 --> 00:18:23,799
What do you do to avoid it?

315
00:18:25,526 --> 00:18:27,596
I do not look for any other science

316
00:18:28,446 --> 00:18:30,566
that I can't check out

317
00:18:30,566 --> 00:18:31,794
by myself

318
00:18:32,326 --> 00:18:33,076
and...

319
00:18:33,966 --> 00:18:35,479
I draw my lessons from life,

320
00:18:36,086 --> 00:18:37,235
rather than from the books.

321
00:18:37,526 --> 00:18:40,279
But if the authority of the
philosophers makes you gloomy

322
00:18:40,686 --> 00:18:43,200
Who else do think may guide you?

323
00:18:44,166 --> 00:18:46,475
The conviction, Father,

324
00:18:47,286 --> 00:18:49,038
that in the natural condition,

325
00:18:49,446 --> 00:18:50,515
in our soul,

326
00:18:51,126 --> 00:18:53,003
there are seeds of truth

327
00:18:53,846 --> 00:18:55,606
and that it is precisely these seeds

328
00:18:55,606 --> 00:18:58,166
that can give us the ability

329
00:18:58,446 --> 00:19:00,676
to distinguish what is true,
from what is false.

330
00:19:01,446 --> 00:19:03,118
The seeds of truth.

331
00:19:04,646 --> 00:19:07,206
You should write your
observations down

332
00:19:07,406 --> 00:19:09,237
about the philosophy of our times,

333
00:19:09,446 --> 00:19:12,926
a very useful discussion
could be born out of it.

334
00:19:12,926 --> 00:19:13,517
Write?

335
00:19:14,166 --> 00:19:15,997
Ah no. I can't do that Father,

336
00:19:16,686 --> 00:19:18,244
I still haven't reflected enough.

337
00:19:18,766 --> 00:19:21,606
I hope at least you'll come
and find me from time to time

338
00:19:21,606 --> 00:19:22,806
to speak with me

339
00:19:22,806 --> 00:19:24,159
and with my gifted friends

340
00:19:24,446 --> 00:19:25,435
if that would please you.

341
00:19:26,486 --> 00:19:27,714
Of course, I'll be around.

342
00:19:28,166 --> 00:19:28,916
I thank you.

343
00:19:30,526 --> 00:19:31,879
There, did you see?

344
00:19:32,686 --> 00:19:35,206
One day, the old
Marshall of Roclair,

345
00:19:35,206 --> 00:19:37,926
took me to visit a certain Guglielmetta

346
00:19:37,926 --> 00:19:41,326
to ascertain that she could speak

347
00:19:41,326 --> 00:19:44,762
in very different languages
whilst she was possessed by the devil.

348
00:19:45,566 --> 00:19:49,086
I approached her and
began to talk to her in five

349
00:19:49,086 --> 00:19:52,966
or six different languages,
without having any reply

350
00:19:52,966 --> 00:19:56,402
other than incomprehensible
words and horrible swearing in Gascon.

351
00:19:57,526 --> 00:19:58,595
At a certain moment

352
00:19:58,926 --> 00:20:00,678
a priest entered the room

353
00:20:01,246 --> 00:20:02,361
and she came back to normal.

354
00:20:03,246 --> 00:20:05,326
A deception, gentlemen ,

355
00:20:05,326 --> 00:20:07,601
nothing more than a deception.

356
00:20:09,046 --> 00:20:11,206
It is my duty to warn you
that by trying not to believe

357
00:20:11,206 --> 00:20:13,166
in the devil , you'll end up
not believing in God anymore.

358
00:20:13,166 --> 00:20:15,043
And this is why I believe in the devil.

359
00:20:17,246 --> 00:20:19,157
Double six, I've won.

360
00:20:24,726 --> 00:20:25,715
Lord of Candal

361
00:20:26,766 --> 00:20:28,366
permit me to present

362
00:20:28,366 --> 00:20:31,446
my friend Rene Descartes
to you, Landlord of Peron.

363
00:20:31,446 --> 00:20:35,206
You are welcome. Mr Descartes
would you like to taste some tea,

364
00:20:35,206 --> 00:20:37,526
the drink the Dutch
ships bring us back from China

365
00:20:37,526 --> 00:20:38,322
Thank you.

366
00:20:38,886 --> 00:20:40,558
It's also said to be very healthy.

367
00:20:40,966 --> 00:20:43,686
Oh Yes. In fact my doctor
recommended me to drink some

368
00:20:43,686 --> 00:20:47,315
At least 50 cups a day.
Too many perhaps. Please.

369
00:20:47,806 --> 00:20:52,446
I always carry the Santum Regnum,
a precious book, in my pockets

370
00:20:52,446 --> 00:20:55,126
one of the scientific proofs
of the ignorance and hypocrisy

371
00:20:55,126 --> 00:20:58,526
of our century. Were you not
friends, I would be careful

372
00:20:58,526 --> 00:21:01,126
to show it to you because there are
still many in France

373
00:21:01,126 --> 00:21:05,244
who amuse themselves setting up
pyres for heretics and witches.

374
00:21:06,326 --> 00:21:07,759
Ah I see that you're afraid.

375
00:21:08,646 --> 00:21:10,166
Well, that makes me happy.

376
00:21:10,166 --> 00:21:12,326
People who know fear are wise.

377
00:21:12,326 --> 00:21:14,556
Listen, it's a scientific book.

378
00:21:15,246 --> 00:21:19,486
A person who longs to make a pact with
hell, chooses which devil to call up

379
00:21:19,486 --> 00:21:23,086
It's not right to disturb Satan ,
if a lesser infernal power

380
00:21:23,086 --> 00:21:26,237
is sufficient to satisfy your desires.

381
00:21:26,926 --> 00:21:30,566
There, as you see, discretion
is a necessary virtue,

382
00:21:30,566 --> 00:21:31,476
even in hell.

383
00:21:31,926 --> 00:21:34,520
For the evocation the
following is prescribed.

384
00:21:35,246 --> 00:21:38,726
A blood stone
sold at the chemist's

385
00:21:38,726 --> 00:21:40,486
and two blessed wax candles.

386
00:21:40,486 --> 00:21:43,319
There is also a prayer
of certain effect.

387
00:21:44,486 --> 00:21:48,646
<i>Oh Lord Lucifer,
lord of the rebel spirits,</i>

388
00:21:48,646 --> 00:21:51,566
<i>I beg for your help,
and I call your Minister</i>

389
00:21:51,566 --> 00:21:55,406
<i>Lucifugero to
stipulate a contract with him.</i>

390
00:21:55,406 --> 00:21:59,718
<i>Make me appear in human form
and without a bad smell.</i>

391
00:22:00,286 --> 00:22:03,446
Well, don't you think
it's just mad exaggeration

392
00:22:03,446 --> 00:22:06,006
which even the court,
unfortunately worries itself about

393
00:22:06,006 --> 00:22:09,166
and about which the Sorbonne
holds theological debates.

394
00:22:09,166 --> 00:22:10,366
It's absurd.

395
00:22:10,366 --> 00:22:11,886
It's nothing to be amazed about.

396
00:22:11,886 --> 00:22:13,806
At Paris everything is discussed.

397
00:22:13,806 --> 00:22:16,126
You can't peacefully
use your own reason

398
00:22:16,126 --> 00:22:17,526
because you always find someone

399
00:22:17,526 --> 00:22:19,246
willing to demonstrate

400
00:22:19,246 --> 00:22:23,206
that there exists a truth more true
than another with a thousand quibbles.

401
00:22:23,206 --> 00:22:25,720
We should free ourselves
from the Advisors of the Crown,

402
00:22:25,966 --> 00:22:27,286
the Members of the Curia,

403
00:22:27,286 --> 00:22:29,595
the Jesuits and the Dominicans,

404
00:22:29,886 --> 00:22:31,406
the learned men of the Sorbonne and

405
00:22:31,406 --> 00:22:33,166
the influential courtiers.

406
00:22:33,166 --> 00:22:36,286
And also Mr Diluinne,
the king's favourite.

407
00:22:36,286 --> 00:22:36,923
Right.

408
00:22:37,246 --> 00:22:40,726
Don't be amazed Sir,
they are honoured gentlemen,

409
00:22:40,726 --> 00:22:44,321
but they cannot stand neither priests,
nor the Spanish party nor Jesuits,

410
00:22:44,566 --> 00:22:45,965
which are in fact the same thing.

411
00:22:46,366 --> 00:22:48,326
Above all, they want to be free.

412
00:22:48,326 --> 00:22:51,398
Mr De Someuse knows them
well, he's one of them.

413
00:22:51,766 --> 00:22:53,086
I'm Guez De Balzac.

414
00:22:53,086 --> 00:22:55,086
I congratulate you Mr Descartes,

415
00:22:55,086 --> 00:22:56,966
I listened to you at
the Minimi convent

416
00:22:56,966 --> 00:22:58,684
and I must acknowledge your courage.

417
00:22:59,006 --> 00:23:01,086
Mr De Clave was condemned
for having said things

418
00:23:01,086 --> 00:23:03,441
much less prudent than
your speech in public.

419
00:23:04,206 --> 00:23:05,355
I wouldn't have imagined it.

420
00:23:05,766 --> 00:23:06,642
Gentlemen!

421
00:23:07,726 --> 00:23:09,956
Will you not also toast
Maurizio of Nassau.

422
00:23:10,166 --> 00:23:11,206
And why should we?

423
00:23:11,206 --> 00:23:12,764
He prepares a new army,

424
00:23:12,966 --> 00:23:14,886
he freed Holland from prejudices,

425
00:23:14,886 --> 00:23:16,399
brought it to trade

426
00:23:16,726 --> 00:23:18,478
and kicked out the
pedantic priests,

427
00:23:18,726 --> 00:23:21,486
his is the only land on
earth where Calvinists

428
00:23:21,486 --> 00:23:24,398
and Catholics live together, without
giving each other too much irritation.

429
00:23:25,246 --> 00:23:26,964
Don't take any notice
of what he's saying.

430
00:23:27,286 --> 00:23:29,366
Everybody knows that
our great Teofilde Dio,

431
00:23:29,366 --> 00:23:30,719
the poet of liberty

432
00:23:31,406 --> 00:23:33,203
gets fired up easily.

433
00:23:34,246 --> 00:23:36,886
To tell the truth,

434
00:23:36,886 --> 00:23:37,875
very few Catholics have
remained in Holland.

435
00:23:38,366 --> 00:23:41,642
I am happy to toast
Maurizio of Nassau with you

436
00:23:42,126 --> 00:23:43,115
but above all I toast you

437
00:23:43,806 --> 00:23:46,081
because I appreciate and
love your splendid poetry.

438
00:23:46,406 --> 00:23:48,086
I thank you for the compliment

439
00:23:48,086 --> 00:23:50,806
but I warn you that
adulation bothers me.

440
00:23:50,806 --> 00:23:53,406
What I would really like

441
00:23:53,406 --> 00:23:56,606
is to find a true friend,
ready to drink with me.

442
00:23:56,606 --> 00:23:58,926
Do you also intend to enroll

443
00:23:58,926 --> 00:24:00,757
among the Catholics of
the Prince of Nassau.

444
00:24:01,526 --> 00:24:04,086
The best of the youth of Paris,
wants nothing else today,

445
00:24:04,086 --> 00:24:06,805
than to go to the Low Countries
and to fight under his flags,

446
00:24:07,046 --> 00:24:09,116
but I prefer to
remain here in Paris,

447
00:24:09,326 --> 00:24:11,760
I wouldn't know how to
live without her salons.

448
00:24:12,286 --> 00:24:15,166
Mr Descartes has come a long way
from the teaching he received

449
00:24:15,166 --> 00:24:17,126
from the reverend Fathers
from the company of Jesus.

450
00:24:17,126 --> 00:24:20,118
Rebellion against the teaching
of the ancients frees the world.

451
00:24:20,646 --> 00:24:22,686
But the way the ancients
mapped out in the search for

452
00:24:22,686 --> 00:24:26,122
the truth seems to me ever more
full of confusion with every day.

453
00:24:26,566 --> 00:24:28,206
We need to write new books,

454
00:24:28,206 --> 00:24:30,126
to raise men up with poetry,

455
00:24:30,126 --> 00:24:32,686
which is freedom because of its nature.

456
00:24:33,606 --> 00:24:35,085
We must try to prevent falsehoods

457
00:24:35,446 --> 00:24:36,606
coming to us

458
00:24:36,606 --> 00:24:37,675
from the books of the ancients.

459
00:24:38,446 --> 00:24:40,886
Often when the ancients
were faced with problems

460
00:24:40,886 --> 00:24:42,763
they didn't know
the answers to

461
00:24:43,046 --> 00:24:45,116
they demonstrated an
error as the truth,

462
00:24:45,326 --> 00:24:47,886
sustaining their theses with
highly subtle arguments.

463
00:24:47,886 --> 00:24:51,117
I want to come and listen to you and to
be able to put these questions to you

464
00:24:51,526 --> 00:24:53,562
if you would honour me with
giving me your address.

465
00:24:54,166 --> 00:24:57,246
I live in Rue Du Foulle
at Mr Le Vasseur's house.

466
00:24:57,246 --> 00:24:58,042
I thank you.

467
00:24:58,726 --> 00:25:01,638
Find a place at the table for
Mr Descartes and let him play.

468
00:25:02,886 --> 00:25:05,006
Mr De Balzac loves
liberty so much

469
00:25:05,006 --> 00:25:07,315
that he even cannot
stand his garters.

470
00:25:08,046 --> 00:25:10,326
I have heard that
you do not intend

471
00:25:10,326 --> 00:25:13,443
to serve under Maurizio
of Nassau, it that true?

472
00:25:13,886 --> 00:25:14,796
Indeed.

473
00:25:16,406 --> 00:25:17,725
You're making a
bad mistake sir.

474
00:25:18,406 --> 00:25:20,766
The only European countries
where there is still

475
00:25:20,766 --> 00:25:24,600
a residue of liberty
are Venice and Holland.

476
00:25:25,286 --> 00:25:26,799
Venice is a Republic

477
00:25:27,126 --> 00:25:28,926
where trade happens

478
00:25:28,926 --> 00:25:31,679
and they certainly do not discuss
the creeds of their customers,

479
00:25:32,366 --> 00:25:34,326
like in the Low Countries
where Maurizio of Nassau

480
00:25:34,326 --> 00:25:37,086
crushed the Spanish
Inquisition enjoying the help

481
00:25:37,086 --> 00:25:39,726
of the most valorous
soldiers of France,

482
00:25:39,726 --> 00:25:41,205
who were mainly Catholics

483
00:25:42,166 --> 00:25:43,360
D o you want to start to play?

484
00:26:19,206 --> 00:26:22,526
Messrs. Balzac and Someuse
have come to visit you.

485
00:26:22,526 --> 00:26:23,356
Let them come in.

486
00:26:30,446 --> 00:26:32,084
Please excuse this
interruption sir,

487
00:26:33,046 --> 00:26:34,766
but we know that Descartes
lives in your home.

488
00:26:34,766 --> 00:26:36,677
Mr Descartes has
hidden himself,

489
00:26:37,166 --> 00:26:38,918
he left me without
saying anything to me.

490
00:26:39,526 --> 00:26:42,359
His servant came to find
me in great secret.

491
00:26:43,166 --> 00:26:44,076
He said that his master

492
00:26:44,806 --> 00:26:47,081
had gone to hide himself
in some suburb

493
00:26:47,446 --> 00:26:49,880
and that he hadn't come out
of his room for many days.

494
00:26:50,366 --> 00:26:51,799
I confess that I 'm worried.

495
00:26:52,886 --> 00:26:55,241
A kind of fire must
have invaded his brain.

496
00:26:55,766 --> 00:26:58,366
Because of the friendship that ties me
to his father, I believe I am authorised

497
00:26:58,366 --> 00:27:01,166
to violate his retreat, and was
precisely just going to do that.

498
00:27:01,166 --> 00:27:02,394
Would you like to accompany me?

499
00:27:20,206 --> 00:27:21,764
Be careful down there!

500
00:27:38,486 --> 00:27:41,205
We've been walking for more than
half an hour, without ever arriving.

501
00:27:43,886 --> 00:27:44,526
This is the place.

502
00:27:44,526 --> 00:27:48,155
Here. You've made us
cross Paris to find him.

503
00:27:58,406 --> 00:27:59,282
Who is it?

504
00:28:01,046 --> 00:28:02,926
Your friend Le Mersenne

505
00:28:02,926 --> 00:28:05,606
in the company of Mr
De Balzac and Mr Someuse.

506
00:28:05,606 --> 00:28:06,516
Ah come in!

507
00:28:08,726 --> 00:28:11,806
Dear friend, I confess that
having remained for so long

508
00:28:11,806 --> 00:28:14,764
without any news from you,
I feared you were ill.

509
00:28:15,126 --> 00:28:17,126
We met your servant by chance

510
00:28:17,126 --> 00:28:20,835
who led us all the way to
you, unwittingly, I must say.

511
00:28:21,326 --> 00:28:22,766
I am moved by your concern ,

512
00:28:22,766 --> 00:28:24,484
but don't be alarmed,
I'm very well.

513
00:28:25,166 --> 00:28:28,078
I closed myself into this
room alone for many days

514
00:28:28,886 --> 00:28:29,921
and reflected

515
00:28:30,446 --> 00:28:33,597
on every moment of my
life that I can remember

516
00:28:34,606 --> 00:28:37,279
and have reached this conclusion.

517
00:28:38,126 --> 00:28:41,596
I absolutely must free
myself from my infancy

518
00:28:42,246 --> 00:28:44,286
if I want to succeed
in knowing

519
00:28:44,286 --> 00:28:46,481
what human reason
is capable of.

520
00:28:48,366 --> 00:28:52,075
I want to give you a piece of news sirs,
and you are the first to hear it.

521
00:28:53,006 --> 00:28:54,846
I have decided to abandon my books

522
00:28:54,846 --> 00:28:55,915
and to go to Holland,

523
00:28:57,366 --> 00:28:59,561
to enroll in Maurizio
of Nassau's army

524
00:28:59,926 --> 00:29:01,439
like many other young Frenchmen.

525
00:29:02,006 --> 00:29:02,995
What do say gentleman?

526
00:29:03,566 --> 00:29:06,686
Are you really convinced
that you'll succeed in leaving

527
00:29:06,686 --> 00:29:09,803
that part of yourself in France
that keeps your reasoning prisoner?

528
00:29:10,086 --> 00:29:12,441
Well I've got to do something

529
00:29:13,086 --> 00:29:14,599
to free myself from the prejudices

530
00:29:14,966 --> 00:29:17,002
I grew up and was educated in.

531
00:29:17,326 --> 00:29:18,361
Incredible...

532
00:29:18,926 --> 00:29:20,757
Admitting to having prejudices.

533
00:29:21,526 --> 00:29:24,882
It's a rare thing in our times
for someone to recognize this.

534
00:29:27,046 --> 00:29:28,081
When we were little

535
00:29:28,646 --> 00:29:30,955
we learned that with
tantrums and tears

536
00:29:31,686 --> 00:29:34,075
we could make our nurses obey us

537
00:29:34,526 --> 00:29:38,804
and thus also reached the conclusion
that the world was at our disposal.

538
00:29:39,606 --> 00:29:40,834
And in the same way

539
00:29:41,566 --> 00:29:42,601
since ancient times,

540
00:29:43,006 --> 00:29:45,281
humanity's infancy,

541
00:29:46,206 --> 00:29:49,118
man persuaded himself that the
earth was flat and not round

542
00:29:49,966 --> 00:29:52,766
and that it remained immobile
at the centre of the universe.

543
00:29:52,766 --> 00:29:54,563
Also, many other
false opinions were

544
00:29:55,166 --> 00:29:57,475
formed about reality

545
00:29:58,486 --> 00:30:02,604
that are still very difficult
to get rid of today.

546
00:30:03,206 --> 00:30:05,959
Our masters covered these

547
00:30:06,606 --> 00:30:08,119
archaic opinions
with wise words

548
00:30:08,486 --> 00:30:11,326
and in doing so have
strongly rooted

549
00:30:11,326 --> 00:30:14,238
the force of the error
they contain in us.

550
00:30:14,926 --> 00:30:16,646
And you think that
by going to Holland

551
00:30:16,646 --> 00:30:19,319
You'll succeed in freeing yourself
from the contagion of these errors?

552
00:30:19,886 --> 00:30:22,605
I need to remove myself
from the air of this city,

553
00:30:23,006 --> 00:30:27,522
from the noise the words and
opinions of its learned men make

554
00:30:28,286 --> 00:30:31,084
to succeed in making my
reasoning to work freely.

555
00:30:32,766 --> 00:30:35,599
I have decided to refuse
all opinions, even my own,

556
00:30:36,126 --> 00:30:37,764
as if they were all false

557
00:30:38,246 --> 00:30:40,606
and I have decided
that I will not accept

558
00:30:40,606 --> 00:30:44,201
them before carefully examining
them carefully with my reasoning,

559
00:30:44,766 --> 00:30:50,079
only accepting the ones I
reach absolute certainty about.

560
00:30:51,086 --> 00:30:54,476
I will behave like an apple seller,
who empties the whole basket,

561
00:30:55,046 --> 00:30:57,321
fearing the presence
of a few bad pieces

562
00:30:57,926 --> 00:31:00,646
and puts back only the sound fruit.

563
00:31:00,646 --> 00:31:03,526
But I always thought that Paris
was the city most capable

564
00:31:03,526 --> 00:31:06,446
of stimulating the
intellect and of giving

565
00:31:06,446 --> 00:31:07,526
reasoning the greatest liberty.

566
00:31:07,526 --> 00:31:09,915
I believed that too, but...

567
00:31:10,566 --> 00:31:11,999
by travelling in the world

568
00:31:12,566 --> 00:31:14,796
I'll be able to know the
truth much better,

569
00:31:15,526 --> 00:31:18,279
than through the debates
of wise Parisians.

570
00:31:18,566 --> 00:31:21,034
I see that you've already
made your decision,

571
00:31:21,366 --> 00:31:22,845
have you written to tell your father?

572
00:31:23,766 --> 00:31:26,966
Of course I'd never set off on a
journey without letting him know.

573
00:31:26,966 --> 00:31:27,966
And when are you leaving?

574
00:31:27,966 --> 00:31:30,605
Straightaway with little luggage

575
00:31:31,206 --> 00:31:33,959
in which there will not be
enough room for even one book.

576
00:31:34,966 --> 00:31:37,686
Men who love liberty must
follow it every where

577
00:31:37,686 --> 00:31:39,244
because they believe it lives there.

578
00:31:39,486 --> 00:31:42,159
And I see that you believe
that liberty lives in Holland.

579
00:31:43,646 --> 00:31:46,365
If you really do find it,
write to me.

580
00:31:47,406 --> 00:31:48,475
I'll write to you sir.

581
00:32:49,046 --> 00:32:50,399
Bring us some beer.

582
00:32:51,526 --> 00:32:52,406
It seems...

583
00:32:52,406 --> 00:32:54,086
that only traders and sailors

584
00:32:54,086 --> 00:32:55,439
live in this country.

585
00:33:07,086 --> 00:33:08,041
Do you mind?

586
00:33:08,566 --> 00:33:09,396
We would like to talk to you.

587
00:33:10,286 --> 00:33:11,116
Take a seat.

588
00:33:13,566 --> 00:33:16,126
Almost every morning,
at this time,

589
00:33:16,126 --> 00:33:18,401
I see you come here to drink
your customary beer.

590
00:33:19,766 --> 00:33:20,801
Do you find it good?

591
00:33:21,526 --> 00:33:22,754
What do you want from us sir?

592
00:33:24,566 --> 00:33:26,606
We know that you can
handle a sword well.

593
00:33:26,606 --> 00:33:28,566
Anyone who is adept, is a swordsman

594
00:33:28,566 --> 00:33:31,319
But we have been told that
you are very skilled,

595
00:33:32,726 --> 00:33:34,876
and we have been observing
you for several days.

596
00:33:36,246 --> 00:33:37,804
You are never drunk.

597
00:33:38,526 --> 00:33:40,915
I already asked you sir,
what do you want from us?

598
00:33:43,446 --> 00:33:44,959
I'm offering you recruitment.

599
00:33:46,086 --> 00:33:48,606
Two thousand florins per year
as masters of arms

600
00:33:48,606 --> 00:33:49,886
two ships sailing

601
00:33:49,886 --> 00:33:52,241
for the West India Company.

602
00:33:52,646 --> 00:33:54,364
We are cadets without pay sir,

603
00:33:54,846 --> 00:33:56,279
each of us has enough to live on.

604
00:33:56,926 --> 00:33:59,076
But if you love adventure
and like liberty,

605
00:33:59,566 --> 00:34:02,160
there is nothing better for you
than to take to the sea life.

606
00:34:02,646 --> 00:34:05,606
We are offering you positions
on two new merchant ships

607
00:34:05,606 --> 00:34:08,439
- 600 toners -
that have just been armed.

608
00:34:08,926 --> 00:34:10,723
They are ships that look like palaces,

609
00:34:11,166 --> 00:34:13,526
have thirty cannons
and holds larger than

610
00:34:13,526 --> 00:34:15,881
the warehouses of Mr
Van Cliff of Amsterdam.

611
00:34:16,286 --> 00:34:18,246
You would have a
cabin and the sole task

612
00:34:18,246 --> 00:34:20,806
of instructing the sailors and
of commanding the ship's guard.

613
00:34:21,166 --> 00:34:23,157
How many months
would the job be for?

614
00:34:23,446 --> 00:34:26,199
Just one voyage sir, 12 months.

615
00:34:26,606 --> 00:34:29,404
You would find yourself with the tidy amount
of two thousand Florins in your pocket,

616
00:34:29,646 --> 00:34:32,558
because on the voyage
you'd have little to spend.

617
00:34:32,966 --> 00:34:35,082
Please realise that
this is an excellent deal ,

618
00:34:35,646 --> 00:34:38,638
the ships will land at the
Dutch colony of New Holland

619
00:34:38,926 --> 00:34:41,046
at the mouth of the
river piloted by Hudson

620
00:34:41,046 --> 00:34:43,321
in which you navigate
like in a vast sea.

621
00:34:43,806 --> 00:34:46,525
As far as I 'm concerned, I 'm not
interested in your offer at all.

622
00:34:46,766 --> 00:34:49,360
I couldn't take my servant
with me on your ship

623
00:34:50,206 --> 00:34:52,006
and I wouldn't have any comforts

624
00:34:52,006 --> 00:34:54,964
which are indispensable
for me to live and think.

625
00:34:55,566 --> 00:34:59,445
It's strange for a soldier to be
so attached to his comforts.

626
00:35:00,086 --> 00:35:01,963
And you sir, do you refuse the offer?

627
00:35:02,646 --> 00:35:05,285
Unfortunately I must return
to Paris at the end of the year,

628
00:35:05,486 --> 00:35:06,760
otherwise I'd accept.

629
00:35:09,046 --> 00:35:12,595
I come to this tavern every
morning to drink a glass of beer

630
00:35:12,966 --> 00:35:14,365
If you should change you mind...

631
00:35:16,006 --> 00:35:17,359
Just let me know.

632
00:35:17,766 --> 00:35:19,757
Don't hold out any hope for me sir.

633
00:35:32,606 --> 00:35:35,646
This problem has been put
up here for two days now

634
00:35:35,646 --> 00:35:38,080
and no one has yet come
forward with the solution.

635
00:35:39,326 --> 00:35:41,246
Go then friend and good luck.

636
00:35:41,246 --> 00:35:42,122
Good-bye and thanks.

637
00:35:42,846 --> 00:35:43,915
Excuse me sir,

638
00:35:44,126 --> 00:35:45,639
I heard you speaking my language,

639
00:35:46,086 --> 00:35:49,362
could you please translate the
text for me to be more certain?

640
00:35:50,006 --> 00:35:51,405
I haven't understood
some of the details.

641
00:35:51,886 --> 00:35:52,875
My pleasure sir.

642
00:35:53,366 --> 00:35:56,676
Here is a mathematical problem
for an illustrious mind.

643
00:35:57,566 --> 00:36:00,876
<i>A stone falls
from A to B in one hour.</i>

644
00:36:01,326 --> 00:36:05,926
<i>It is perpetually attracted
by the earth with the same force,</i>

645
00:36:05,926 --> 00:36:10,406
<i>without losing any of the speed
imparted to it</i>

646
00:36:10,406 --> 00:36:11,998
<i>by the previous attraction.</i>

647
00:36:12,526 --> 00:36:17,686
<i>Well, what moves in
space moves eternally.</i>

648
00:36:17,686 --> 00:36:18,516
The question is

649
00:36:18,766 --> 00:36:21,846
how long will the stone take

650
00:36:21,846 --> 00:36:23,962
to cross a given space.

651
00:36:24,766 --> 00:36:27,166
Well the solution is simple.

652
00:36:27,166 --> 00:36:28,599
Simple. But...

653
00:36:29,046 --> 00:36:29,558
Why yes...

654
00:36:30,086 --> 00:36:34,806
But I'm the person who posted
this puzzle, despairing of ever

655
00:36:34,806 --> 00:36:38,116
finding an answer to the problem,
and I'm a mathematician.

656
00:36:39,446 --> 00:36:42,244
I'm ready to give you an
explanation whenever you like.

657
00:36:42,486 --> 00:36:45,922
I'll wait for you at my house sir.
I'm anxious to hear you.

658
00:36:46,446 --> 00:36:51,361
Here at Breda, everyone knows where
Isaac Beckman of Middle Border lives.

659
00:36:52,566 --> 00:36:53,043
Here.

660
00:37:02,086 --> 00:37:03,486
In this triangle rectangle

661
00:37:03,486 --> 00:37:05,206
ABC represent the space,

662
00:37:05,206 --> 00:37:06,366
in other words the movement.

663
00:37:06,366 --> 00:37:07,646
The disparity of the space

664
00:37:07,646 --> 00:37:10,446
from point A to the base
BC represents the disparity

665
00:37:10,446 --> 00:37:11,037
of the movement.

666
00:37:11,526 --> 00:37:13,926
Consequently AD will
be covered in the time

667
00:37:13,926 --> 00:37:18,556
represented by ADE and DB in
the time represented by DEBC.

668
00:37:18,886 --> 00:37:22,242
Therefore, AB will be reached
three time more slowly than AD.

669
00:37:22,686 --> 00:37:23,357
Exactly.

670
00:37:24,606 --> 00:37:25,516
Exactly.

671
00:37:35,006 --> 00:37:37,246
Do you know what a scholastic
learned man would have replied

672
00:37:37,246 --> 00:37:38,645
to me in your place?

673
00:37:40,606 --> 00:37:42,915
''Everything present in the universe

674
00:37:43,646 --> 00:37:46,240
belongs in a place that
is natural for it.

675
00:37:47,326 --> 00:37:49,715
The place that is most suitable for it.

676
00:37:51,046 --> 00:37:55,446
We can say that weight
is no more than the appetite

677
00:37:55,446 --> 00:37:58,404
that things have for
finding that blessed place''

678
00:37:59,766 --> 00:38:01,643
''Mr Beckman'' would have told me,

679
00:38:02,246 --> 00:38:05,795
''Your problem is simply
badly expressed.

680
00:38:06,766 --> 00:38:10,884
just tell me first
which body is falling

681
00:38:11,086 --> 00:38:12,485
and I will tell you straightaway

682
00:38:12,766 --> 00:38:14,597
where its preferred place is''.

683
00:38:15,526 --> 00:38:19,201
But all this is simply absurd.

684
00:38:22,686 --> 00:38:23,482
I see sir,

685
00:38:24,486 --> 00:38:25,760
that you are refusing to explain

686
00:38:26,846 --> 00:38:28,726
the physical phenomena to me

687
00:38:28,726 --> 00:38:29,841
by attributing qualities to bodies

688
00:38:30,326 --> 00:38:32,886
that belong only to the spirit.

689
00:38:32,886 --> 00:38:36,117
This is why I love mathematics
but practice medicine.

690
00:38:36,686 --> 00:38:37,562
You're right.

691
00:38:38,446 --> 00:38:39,356
Mathematics

692
00:38:40,406 --> 00:38:41,316
is the only discipline

693
00:38:42,046 --> 00:38:43,206
certainty comes to

694
00:38:43,206 --> 00:38:44,116
us from.

695
00:38:44,726 --> 00:38:46,717
Mathematical sciences teach us

696
00:38:47,206 --> 00:38:48,966
the enumeration and calculation

697
00:38:48,966 --> 00:38:50,240
of any movement,

698
00:38:51,286 --> 00:38:54,686
the relationships, the proportions,
of everything that

699
00:38:54,686 --> 00:38:57,519
exists, of light and of sound.

700
00:38:58,246 --> 00:38:59,599
Mathematical operations always express

701
00:39:00,086 --> 00:39:03,965
evident and concrete logic.

702
00:39:04,486 --> 00:39:07,205
For example, as you know,
the equal sign is fundamental.

703
00:39:08,486 --> 00:39:10,158
Mathematics demonstrates

704
00:39:11,326 --> 00:39:14,079
all the possible disparities to us

705
00:39:14,686 --> 00:39:16,483
in a strictly certain and exact way

706
00:39:16,966 --> 00:39:19,036
and permits us to defend ourselves

707
00:39:19,886 --> 00:39:21,683
from the tricks of appearances.

708
00:39:22,486 --> 00:39:24,526
What I like about you sir,

709
00:39:24,526 --> 00:39:26,646
is the fact that you
don't speak the language

710
00:39:26,646 --> 00:39:27,681
of Scholars

711
00:39:28,206 --> 00:39:30,006
and that you discuss science

712
00:39:30,006 --> 00:39:33,726
in a way that none of my fellow
citizens would be capable of.

713
00:39:33,726 --> 00:39:38,406
Do you know that almost all the
good Calvinists go and listen to

714
00:39:38,406 --> 00:39:42,684
the sermons and don't talk of anything
else except business and theology.

715
00:39:43,246 --> 00:39:44,565
You're not a Catholic are you?

716
00:39:45,686 --> 00:39:47,005
No indeed not sir.

717
00:39:47,486 --> 00:39:50,398
And you are certainly a Roman Catholic.

718
00:39:51,046 --> 00:39:54,356
I'm French, sire
and... Catholic.

719
00:39:55,246 --> 00:39:56,679
But I am sure this

720
00:39:56,926 --> 00:39:58,837
will not impede me from
conversing with you.

721
00:39:59,566 --> 00:40:01,446
I like you sir.

722
00:40:01,446 --> 00:40:06,726
I confess that I would never have believed
in finding a mathematician and a philosopher

723
00:40:06,726 --> 00:40:08,557
hidden in a soldier's uniform.

724
00:40:09,206 --> 00:40:12,926
I hope you'll return to
visit me, sir, and often

725
00:40:12,926 --> 00:40:15,394
as long as you are
staying here at Breda.

726
00:40:16,446 --> 00:40:17,959
It would be a great honour for me.

727
00:40:22,686 --> 00:40:23,243
Sir,

728
00:40:24,006 --> 00:40:25,286
you didn't go to the cavalry practice

729
00:40:25,286 --> 00:40:26,639
this morning,

730
00:40:27,046 --> 00:40:29,401
do you also want to miss the
appointment with Mr Beeckman?

731
00:40:30,046 --> 00:40:30,842
No.

732
00:40:31,926 --> 00:40:34,646
These Dutch beds have made me
lose my taste for sleeping.

733
00:40:34,646 --> 00:40:36,846
No, no that one.
Give me civilian clothes.

734
00:40:36,846 --> 00:40:38,279
And so gentlemen

735
00:40:39,246 --> 00:40:40,964
the soul of this animal,

736
00:40:41,526 --> 00:40:44,882
is an inferior soul to that of man,

737
00:40:45,086 --> 00:40:46,678
which is a superior soul,

738
00:40:47,206 --> 00:40:50,039
and makes this stomach digest,

739
00:40:50,566 --> 00:40:54,036
by extracting the juices
from the foods necessary

740
00:40:54,366 --> 00:40:56,322
to maintain life.

741
00:40:57,206 --> 00:40:59,595
The doctor is attributing functions

742
00:40:59,806 --> 00:41:01,726
to the soul which belong to the body.

743
00:41:01,726 --> 00:41:03,166
It's an ancient prejudice,

744
00:41:03,166 --> 00:41:04,646
a false infantile sensation

745
00:41:04,646 --> 00:41:06,364
like all sensations

746
00:41:06,606 --> 00:41:08,686
and a source of ruinous errors.

747
00:41:08,686 --> 00:41:09,835
Excuse me if I intervene.

748
00:41:10,646 --> 00:41:11,366
Go ahead.

749
00:41:11,366 --> 00:41:13,277
You are wrong in believing
sensations to be false.

750
00:41:14,486 --> 00:41:16,522
When a boy dips a stick into a brook

751
00:41:17,006 --> 00:41:18,962
he may believe it to be broken
when looking at it,

752
00:41:19,486 --> 00:41:22,086
but if he closes his eyes
and feels the stick

753
00:41:22,086 --> 00:41:23,963
along its entire length,
both in and out of the water,

754
00:41:24,606 --> 00:41:26,517
he will realise that his stick is straight.

755
00:41:26,886 --> 00:41:29,366
He will then have corrected the
visual sensation by touching

756
00:41:29,366 --> 00:41:32,164
and will have re-established the truth
without leaving the world of sensations.

757
00:41:32,366 --> 00:41:32,957
No sir.

758
00:41:33,406 --> 00:41:34,406
Because in our case

759
00:41:34,406 --> 00:41:35,964
the boy's reason intervened

760
00:41:36,206 --> 00:41:39,278
that makes him check the touch
sensation after the visual one.

761
00:41:40,126 --> 00:41:43,163
It is reason that leads
him to correct his error.

762
00:41:44,166 --> 00:41:45,645
Without the control of reason,

763
00:41:46,566 --> 00:41:48,397
all sensations are false.

764
00:41:49,526 --> 00:41:52,723
Here is the heart of this animal

765
00:41:53,766 --> 00:41:55,886
that the soul moved thanks to

766
00:41:55,886 --> 00:41:58,926
the pulsing faculty

767
00:41:58,926 --> 00:42:00,245
it possesses.

768
00:42:01,126 --> 00:42:03,566
The doctor is making
affirmations the truth of which

769
00:42:03,566 --> 00:42:05,443
he wouldn't know how to demonstrate.

770
00:42:06,526 --> 00:42:07,879
He cannot tell us how

771
00:42:08,246 --> 00:42:09,966
the inferior soul of this animal

772
00:42:09,966 --> 00:42:11,646
acts directly on our heart.

773
00:42:11,646 --> 00:42:13,796
What do you those
gentlemen object to?

774
00:42:14,166 --> 00:42:17,397
Why don't they speak up
if they have something to say?

775
00:42:18,326 --> 00:42:21,646
I say that to justify your
affirmations you are repeating

776
00:42:21,646 --> 00:42:24,686
ancient Aristotelian theories about
the soul and that you trust in

777
00:42:24,686 --> 00:42:26,324
your personal sensations.

778
00:42:26,846 --> 00:42:31,158
What I teach sir, is the clear truth.

779
00:42:31,846 --> 00:42:35,043
For the majority of men evidence
is what they have always seen

780
00:42:35,646 --> 00:42:39,606
from infancy, when adults
offered their simple minds

781
00:42:39,606 --> 00:42:41,278
an explanation
for everything,

782
00:42:42,406 --> 00:42:45,286
whilst in order to discover
the nature of things

783
00:42:45,286 --> 00:42:48,164
with absolute certainty,
we have to free ourselves

784
00:42:49,366 --> 00:42:50,640
from the vision of the world

785
00:42:50,926 --> 00:42:54,886
we were given, handed down from
father to son down the centuries

786
00:42:54,886 --> 00:42:58,083
and we must rid ourselves
of the tricks of sensations

787
00:42:58,606 --> 00:43:00,966
and learn to use our reason better.

788
00:43:00,966 --> 00:43:02,766
That is what I have to say.

789
00:43:02,766 --> 00:43:07,566
And what vision of the world do you have
to offer us in exchange my dear sir,

790
00:43:07,566 --> 00:43:11,400
seeing that you deny what is handed down to
us, the centuries of experience of the ancients.

791
00:43:11,886 --> 00:43:15,046
A vision of the world
that proves to be evident,

792
00:43:15,046 --> 00:43:17,765
such as the one that comes to
us from numbers, from mathematics.

793
00:43:18,286 --> 00:43:22,126
So what you are claiming is
to replace the teachings

794
00:43:22,126 --> 00:43:25,486
of philosophy and the sciences,
we have from such a long

795
00:43:25,486 --> 00:43:31,038
tradition of learned men, with the
mathematical teaching of our times.

796
00:43:33,046 --> 00:43:35,966
But reality is not made of quantity,

797
00:43:35,966 --> 00:43:38,246
there are qualities in things

798
00:43:38,246 --> 00:43:41,566
and these are picked
up through sensations,

799
00:43:41,566 --> 00:43:44,566
those sensations you fear so much.

800
00:43:44,566 --> 00:43:48,166
Permit me sir, to put you
on guard against your claims,

801
00:43:48,166 --> 00:43:51,286
because you could risk losing your mind

802
00:43:51,286 --> 00:43:54,006
in a dark forest of numbers.

803
00:43:54,006 --> 00:43:58,646
My young friend is an able
and profound mathematician

804
00:43:58,646 --> 00:44:02,046
and I hope you will
understand his perhaps

805
00:44:02,046 --> 00:44:03,606
slightly excessive enthusiasm

806
00:44:03,606 --> 00:44:06,166
for the clarity that
comes from numbers.

807
00:44:06,886 --> 00:44:09,639
Yes, certainly sir.

808
00:44:10,206 --> 00:44:12,446
I apologise for interrupting
you gentlemen.

809
00:44:12,446 --> 00:44:16,041
Please continue your dissertation.

810
00:44:16,686 --> 00:44:17,641
Gentlemen.

811
00:44:21,766 --> 00:44:25,846
I do not know if in two years time
- in other words when

812
00:44:25,846 --> 00:44:27,286
the twelve year truce ends -

813
00:44:27,286 --> 00:44:29,641
the war against the
Spanish will continue.

814
00:44:30,246 --> 00:44:33,766
In any case, the glorious army
of the United Provinces

815
00:44:33,766 --> 00:44:38,126
of the Low Countries must by
that time have an artillery

816
00:44:38,126 --> 00:44:42,726
still more powerful
than the Spanish knew

817
00:44:42,726 --> 00:44:44,603
to their cost, before the truce.

818
00:44:45,326 --> 00:44:48,682
This therefore is your
task for today's lesson.

819
00:44:49,286 --> 00:44:52,646
You must calculate the firing
height of three canons,

820
00:44:52,646 --> 00:44:56,286
and this in relation to the
height of the bastions defending

821
00:44:56,286 --> 00:45:00,526
the city of Ostende to effect
a range that is as safe

822
00:45:00,526 --> 00:45:01,720
and as powerful as possible.

823
00:45:02,606 --> 00:45:06,076
Here are the distances of
the canons from the bastions.

824
00:45:06,806 --> 00:45:09,639
The first is found at 1000 feet,

825
00:45:10,006 --> 00:45:13,246
the second at 750

826
00:45:13,246 --> 00:45:15,521
and the third at 5000.

827
00:45:17,006 --> 00:45:20,766
In 1603 the conquest
of this port by our

828
00:45:20,766 --> 00:45:23,966
troops cost a good four million Florins,

829
00:45:23,966 --> 00:45:27,126
but it would certainly
have cost much, much more

830
00:45:27,126 --> 00:45:31,166
if Prince Maurizio of Nassau
had not been able to count

831
00:45:31,166 --> 00:45:33,316
on the best artillery in the world.

832
00:45:34,086 --> 00:45:37,965
Firing height calculations
are fundamental for artillery

833
00:45:38,886 --> 00:45:42,806
and this is why I recommend
more careful application

834
00:45:42,806 --> 00:45:44,558
in studying this problem.

835
00:45:44,966 --> 00:45:46,194
Good day gentlemen.

836
00:45:51,766 --> 00:45:55,236
As usual, our friend D escartes
will do the calculations.

837
00:46:02,286 --> 00:46:03,435
Will he really do them?

838
00:46:03,926 --> 00:46:05,598
Here are your calculations, gentlemen.

839
00:46:11,046 --> 00:46:13,276
But be certain that
when the war comes,

840
00:46:14,166 --> 00:46:16,206
I will not be here to help you.

841
00:46:16,206 --> 00:46:20,286
Don't worry the war is still
resting for the moment.

842
00:46:20,286 --> 00:46:23,566
And prince Maurizio of Nassau
is only keeping an army armed

843
00:46:23,566 --> 00:46:26,399
to sustain his political struggle
against Van Oldenbarneveldt.

844
00:46:27,086 --> 00:46:30,126
They fought together against
the Spanish at the head of

845
00:46:30,126 --> 00:46:33,566
the Federate Provinces for the
freedom of Holland and they now fight

846
00:46:33,566 --> 00:46:35,286
against each other
like worst enemies.

847
00:46:35,286 --> 00:46:37,886
Oldenbarneveldt is the more elderly,

848
00:46:37,886 --> 00:46:41,086
and wise; he is he public's favourite.

849
00:46:41,086 --> 00:46:43,919
Because he wants
Holland to be a Republic.

850
00:46:44,646 --> 00:46:49,406
And above all he does not want Maurizio
of Nassau to become the King of Holland.

851
00:46:49,406 --> 00:46:53,246
Do you think that Prince Maurizio will
use the army against Oldenbarneveldt?

852
00:46:53,246 --> 00:46:54,446
He has no need.

853
00:46:54,446 --> 00:46:57,006
Prince Maurizio has already
accused Oldenbarneveldt

854
00:46:57,006 --> 00:46:58,886
of heresy for the support he gave

855
00:46:58,886 --> 00:47:01,126
to a faction of Calvinists
and Armenians.

856
00:47:01,126 --> 00:47:05,366
Even among the Calvinists, the
accusation of heresy can destroy a man

857
00:47:05,366 --> 00:47:06,366
better than an entire army.

858
00:47:06,366 --> 00:47:09,961
But if they condemn Oldenbarneveldt
his partisans will rise up.

859
00:47:10,646 --> 00:47:13,606
Whatever happens, in one month
I will no longer be here.

860
00:47:13,606 --> 00:47:15,766
In a month I'll be in Germany.

861
00:47:15,766 --> 00:47:18,686
Duke Massimiliano of Baviera
is recruiting troops.

862
00:47:18,686 --> 00:47:21,646
and certainly with the
license of our Academy,

863
00:47:21,646 --> 00:47:25,486
I think I will be able to find
a good officer post with him

864
00:47:25,486 --> 00:47:26,839
and with pay.

865
00:47:27,246 --> 00:47:28,646
And who will this war be against?

866
00:47:28,646 --> 00:47:33,406
Against the Bohemians, rebelling against
their King and Emperor Ferdinand II.

867
00:47:33,406 --> 00:47:36,159
My uncle wrote to me from Ulma.

868
00:47:40,166 --> 00:47:44,086
<i>After the noble Calvinists
the Bohemians have thrown</i>

869
00:47:44,086 --> 00:47:47,686
<i>the imperial messengers and their
secretaries out of Prague Castle window</i>

870
00:47:47,686 --> 00:47:50,806
<i>with whom they should have
negotiated the terms of an agreement.</i>

871
00:47:50,806 --> 00:47:53,966
<i>In many parts of Germany
troops are being armed.</i>

872
00:47:53,966 --> 00:47:57,966
<i>The imperial Catholics are preparing
to attack and destroy</i>

873
00:47:57,966 --> 00:48:02,005
<i>the Bohemian protestants led by
the Elector Prince of the Palatinate.</i>

874
00:48:03,006 --> 00:48:07,363
In Germany, a year doesn't pass
when an army isn't armed.

875
00:48:08,046 --> 00:48:09,559
It's always been that way.

876
00:48:10,126 --> 00:48:13,721
There have always been some highly
advantageous recruiting moments.

877
00:48:14,246 --> 00:48:17,841
And there is also the excellent beer
and the very beautiful women.

878
00:48:20,366 --> 00:48:22,004
Mr Beeckman.

879
00:48:24,406 --> 00:48:26,126
Good morning Mr Descartes.

880
00:48:26,126 --> 00:48:28,046
I finally see you awake
at an early hour.

881
00:48:28,046 --> 00:48:31,886
Oh yes. I have great nostalgia
for our good French beds.

882
00:48:31,886 --> 00:48:34,326
I received your card.

883
00:48:34,326 --> 00:48:35,926
Why do you want to abandon the Army?

884
00:48:35,926 --> 00:48:37,154
I didn't come to stay.

885
00:48:37,846 --> 00:48:41,406
I'm a soldier to study
men and to confront

886
00:48:41,406 --> 00:48:42,395
myself against life.

887
00:48:42,846 --> 00:48:47,486
Now, I'm going to Denmark,
and then, perhaps to Germany,

888
00:48:47,486 --> 00:48:48,606
I don't know well yet.

889
00:48:48,606 --> 00:48:51,166
And so you are abandoning
your projects.

890
00:48:51,166 --> 00:48:54,966
Sometime ago, you had promised
to publish a Treatise

891
00:48:54,966 --> 00:48:58,366
on Mechanics and Geometry,
but since you've been at Breda

892
00:48:58,366 --> 00:49:01,646
I haven't seen you write
even one line on this subject.

893
00:49:01,646 --> 00:49:05,326
Naturally that doesn't mean that I didn't
appreciate that excellent musical compendium

894
00:49:05,326 --> 00:49:09,526
you sent me as a Christmas
present, but I confess

895
00:49:09,526 --> 00:49:12,518
that I expected more from
your mathematical mind.

896
00:49:13,126 --> 00:49:18,200
I will write, I will keep faith
with all my projects, don't worry.

897
00:49:18,526 --> 00:49:20,244
But I still need to reflect.

898
00:49:20,926 --> 00:49:24,406
I have understood that men,
when assailed by curiosity,

899
00:49:24,406 --> 00:49:27,603
run the risk of pushing intelligence

900
00:49:28,206 --> 00:49:29,764
in ways unknown to them ,

901
00:49:30,126 --> 00:49:33,086
staying without a precise aim ,

902
00:49:33,086 --> 00:49:35,042
without a reasonable hope,

903
00:49:35,646 --> 00:49:39,116
like by chance, as if guided
just by imagination.

904
00:49:39,606 --> 00:49:42,606
And yet, on more than one occasion ,
I've heard you formulate

905
00:49:42,606 --> 00:49:46,606
some precise hypotheses
and exact calculations.

906
00:49:46,606 --> 00:49:49,245
I still need to reflect.

907
00:49:49,846 --> 00:49:52,726
Well then, before setting off,
you must promise me, at least,

908
00:49:52,726 --> 00:49:55,843
that you'll send me a copy
of everything you write.

909
00:49:56,446 --> 00:49:58,277
Yes dear friend, I promise.

910
00:49:58,886 --> 00:50:02,246
You here at Breda have awakened
me from an old inertia

911
00:50:02,246 --> 00:50:05,566
I was carrying around, you have
brought back my misguided mind

912
00:50:05,566 --> 00:50:07,841
to the serious study of mathematics.

913
00:50:09,966 --> 00:50:11,797
How could I ever forget you.

914
00:50:35,126 --> 00:50:37,959
In Germany at the start
of the winter season,

915
00:50:38,326 --> 00:50:40,526
the forced quartering of the army

916
00:50:40,526 --> 00:50:43,006
obliged me to stay in a house

917
00:50:43,006 --> 00:50:48,006
in which not having
any cares or passions

918
00:50:48,006 --> 00:50:49,726
to disturb my spirit,

919
00:50:49,726 --> 00:50:52,326
I remained completely alone all day,

920
00:50:52,326 --> 00:50:54,920
in a well heated room ,

921
00:50:55,726 --> 00:50:59,605
where I could entertain myself
with my thoughts in complete peace.

922
00:51:00,286 --> 00:51:02,561
In this way, after a
few days of reflection

923
00:51:03,086 --> 00:51:08,956
a new basis of knowledge

924
00:51:09,526 --> 00:51:12,279
came to me, as clear
as a wonderful science

925
00:51:12,846 --> 00:51:15,724
from which it is possible to produce

926
00:51:16,246 --> 00:51:19,446
order in all the thoughts

927
00:51:19,446 --> 00:51:21,482
that can enter the human spirit.

928
00:51:22,126 --> 00:51:25,914
Just like a natural order
exists between all numbers.

929
00:51:26,486 --> 00:51:31,401
The night in which I saw this
new principle, I had three dreams,

930
00:51:32,446 --> 00:51:37,566
the first two, I must
confess, mortally scared me,

931
00:51:38,046 --> 00:51:41,834
the third however, was
very sweet and pleasant,

932
00:51:42,446 --> 00:51:44,641
it was the one in which
I seemed to see the birth

933
00:51:45,326 --> 00:51:47,406
of a new hope for the future.

934
00:51:47,406 --> 00:51:49,283
Tell me your dreams.

935
00:51:50,566 --> 00:51:52,646
Well, I saw myself
walking along a road,

936
00:51:52,646 --> 00:51:55,718
oppressed by a frightening
vortex of wind,

937
00:51:56,886 --> 00:51:59,241
with the impression
of falling at each step.

938
00:51:59,646 --> 00:52:02,006
Then, I saw a college

939
00:52:02,006 --> 00:52:03,758
and it was there I took refuge,

940
00:52:05,006 --> 00:52:08,366
trying to reach the
Church of that college

941
00:52:08,366 --> 00:52:09,515
to pray,

942
00:52:10,286 --> 00:52:12,038
when in the windy courtyard I saw

943
00:52:12,446 --> 00:52:13,879
a man I knew,

944
00:52:14,566 --> 00:52:16,806
who I 'd overtaken without greeting.

945
00:52:16,806 --> 00:52:20,366
I wanted to retrace my
steps to apologise for my

946
00:52:20,366 --> 00:52:24,806
lapse, but it was impossible
as I was pushed back

947
00:52:24,806 --> 00:52:27,286
with unheard of violence by the wind.

948
00:52:27,286 --> 00:52:29,880
Whilst that person,
and the others around him

949
00:52:30,526 --> 00:52:33,404
were upright and stable on their feet.

950
00:52:33,886 --> 00:52:36,684
I on the other hand was
bent over and shaking,

951
00:52:37,526 --> 00:52:40,279
as if that vortex of wind
was blowing just for me.

952
00:52:40,806 --> 00:52:45,482
When I awoke I was
afflicted by a great pain.

953
00:52:46,206 --> 00:52:49,243
I prayed to God
to defend me from evil

954
00:52:49,846 --> 00:52:51,486
and after the passing
of two hours

955
00:52:51,486 --> 00:52:54,717
in profound meditation on the good
and evil things of this world

956
00:52:56,206 --> 00:52:57,844
I went back to sleep again.

957
00:52:58,246 --> 00:53:00,919
And straightway, I had another dream.

958
00:53:01,446 --> 00:53:04,119
I heard a great thunder

959
00:53:05,486 --> 00:53:06,839
and fear awoke me once again

960
00:53:07,206 --> 00:53:09,686
and after opening my eyes

961
00:53:09,686 --> 00:53:12,325
I saw the room

962
00:53:12,646 --> 00:53:16,639
completely invaded by sparks on fire,

963
00:53:18,366 --> 00:53:22,446
something that had happened
to me on other occasions.

964
00:53:22,446 --> 00:53:26,644
Marvelous, fire and light
are important signs.

965
00:53:28,886 --> 00:53:32,246
In a short time, by opening and
closing my eyes alternately,

966
00:53:32,246 --> 00:53:36,876
everything dissipated and I
went back to sleep with great calm.

967
00:53:38,086 --> 00:53:41,766
A moment later, I had the third dream.

968
00:53:41,766 --> 00:53:42,596
Tell me, tell me.

969
00:53:44,566 --> 00:53:49,003
I found a poetry
collection in my hands,

970
00:53:49,646 --> 00:53:51,876
the ''Corpus poetarum''.

971
00:53:52,406 --> 00:53:55,557
I opened it and read this verse:

972
00:53:56,406 --> 00:53:59,716
<i>Quod vitae sectabor iter</i>

973
00:54:01,606 --> 00:54:05,838
<i>Which road
will I choose for my life</i>

974
00:54:08,406 --> 00:54:11,682
A man I had never seen

975
00:54:12,246 --> 00:54:14,326
presented me at that same moment

976
00:54:14,326 --> 00:54:16,794
with a text in verses
that began like this:

977
00:54:17,206 --> 00:54:19,356
''Est et non''

978
00:54:20,366 --> 00:54:22,246
''Yes and no''.

979
00:54:22,246 --> 00:54:25,926
These are very curious
dreams and seem to hide

980
00:54:25,926 --> 00:54:27,566
some important revelations

981
00:54:27,566 --> 00:54:29,841
Have you discovered the meanings?

982
00:54:31,406 --> 00:54:33,237
I examined them carefully.

983
00:54:34,766 --> 00:54:38,315
My first dream
Indicated the errors, the fears,

984
00:54:39,086 --> 00:54:40,963
the doubts of my past life.

985
00:54:41,406 --> 00:54:45,486
The second one could only
have been the evident sign

986
00:54:45,486 --> 00:54:48,000
of the spirit of truth
that came down on me.

987
00:54:48,446 --> 00:54:51,438
The third indicated the future.

988
00:54:52,606 --> 00:54:55,074
''Est et non''

989
00:54:55,846 --> 00:54:57,996
is the ''yes and no'' of Pythagoras,

990
00:54:58,526 --> 00:55:00,886
a future in which

991
00:55:00,886 --> 00:55:04,481
the truth will be revealed to me

992
00:55:04,926 --> 00:55:06,359
and at the same time,

993
00:55:06,766 --> 00:55:09,121
the falsity of human knowledge

994
00:55:10,286 --> 00:55:11,878
and of the profane sciences.

995
00:55:12,166 --> 00:55:15,046
I do not know what destiny
awaits you Mr Descartes,

996
00:55:15,046 --> 00:55:20,446
but I highly recommend you to
pray to God to keep you humble,

997
00:55:20,446 --> 00:55:23,166
because wisdom gets
lost through science,

998
00:55:23,166 --> 00:55:29,355
the absolute truth, namely God,
remains a mystery for all men.

999
00:55:31,166 --> 00:55:32,645
Your advice

1000
00:55:33,526 --> 00:55:35,562
is always full of...

1001
00:55:37,246 --> 00:55:38,315
wisdom.

1002
00:55:39,366 --> 00:55:42,206
You are always so disturbed, unstable.

1003
00:55:42,206 --> 00:55:43,764
It's incredible

1004
00:55:44,966 --> 00:55:49,726
you will never arrive at any result,
if you do not once and for all choose

1005
00:55:49,726 --> 00:55:53,162
a fixed abode, in which
to study and write.

1006
00:55:53,766 --> 00:55:55,085
You are right.

1007
00:55:55,646 --> 00:55:58,524
But when I stop in a city,

1008
00:55:58,846 --> 00:56:00,526
after seeing how the people live

1009
00:56:00,526 --> 00:56:04,917
and after talking with all those
I judge worth talking to

1010
00:56:05,606 --> 00:56:08,996
I'm taken by a great desire
to start travelling again.

1011
00:56:10,206 --> 00:56:13,526
And how long do you
intend to stop in Paris?

1012
00:56:13,526 --> 00:56:15,246
For a very short time Father.

1013
00:56:15,246 --> 00:56:19,006
I have seen Mr Le Vasseur
who talked to me of your dreams.

1014
00:56:19,006 --> 00:56:22,006
He told me that you believe
that you have reached a new basis

1015
00:56:22,006 --> 00:56:24,759
for knowing the truth
with absolute certainty.

1016
00:56:25,366 --> 00:56:27,246
Mr Le Vasseur exaggerated.

1017
00:56:27,246 --> 00:56:30,006
I must still reflect on what
is still an intuition.

1018
00:56:30,006 --> 00:56:32,006
But you doubt everything.

1019
00:56:32,006 --> 00:56:35,726
To many you appear to be a sceptic,

1020
00:56:35,726 --> 00:56:37,806
but it has also been said that

1021
00:56:37,806 --> 00:56:41,355
you intend to repudiate
all our old beliefs.

1022
00:56:41,926 --> 00:56:44,759
But not that of the faith,
my Father, relax,

1023
00:56:45,486 --> 00:56:49,604
because the heavens are open to ignorant
persons as they are to learned ones.

1024
00:56:50,206 --> 00:56:52,515
And as for me doubting
everything, don't worry.

1025
00:56:53,166 --> 00:56:55,919
I have nothing in
common with the sceptics,

1026
00:56:56,606 --> 00:56:58,881
I only want to build my convictions

1027
00:56:59,646 --> 00:57:02,718
on rock and not on sand,

1028
00:57:03,686 --> 00:57:06,598
as I have no intention of
imitating those travellers

1029
00:57:07,406 --> 00:57:10,006
who when lost in a forest

1030
00:57:10,006 --> 00:57:14,126
start to turn and wander
around without any direction.

1031
00:57:14,126 --> 00:57:16,686
I cannot stop myself from
suspecting that there is

1032
00:57:17,286 --> 00:57:20,278
some pride in your affirmations.

1033
00:57:23,446 --> 00:57:24,674
Corruption lies there Doctor.

1034
00:57:44,966 --> 00:57:47,958
I'm having a comfortable
trunk made for my travels.

1035
00:57:48,726 --> 00:57:51,115
Observe how the blacksmith works well.

1036
00:57:51,846 --> 00:57:55,166
Our Aristotelians maintain
that the hammer must be swung

1037
00:57:55,166 --> 00:57:58,886
fast so that nature
is surprised by the speed

1038
00:57:58,886 --> 00:58:01,366
and is not left any time
to gather it forces in

1039
00:58:01,366 --> 00:58:03,006
to resist the impact of the hammer.

1040
00:58:03,006 --> 00:58:04,564
Don't you think their theory is absurd?

1041
00:58:06,446 --> 00:58:07,926
Absolutely.

1042
00:58:07,926 --> 00:58:09,484
It'll be ready soon.

1043
00:58:09,966 --> 00:58:10,955
I'll come back this evening.

1044
00:58:11,446 --> 00:58:14,606
I believe that a method of overcoming
doubt and of producing certainty,

1045
00:58:14,606 --> 00:58:17,406
should mirror the mechanical arts,

1046
00:58:17,406 --> 00:58:20,966
that contain the principles according
to which it is necessary to fabricate

1047
00:58:20,966 --> 00:58:22,926
the instruments necessary for them.

1048
00:58:22,926 --> 00:58:24,086
What a noise.

1049
00:58:24,086 --> 00:58:26,520
Yes, deafening, we'd best leave.

1050
00:59:01,966 --> 00:59:03,797
I must hurry to leave.

1051
00:59:04,406 --> 00:59:06,920
When are you leaving?
And where are you going?

1052
00:59:07,526 --> 00:59:08,686
Perhaps to Italy.

1053
00:59:08,686 --> 00:59:11,806
But before departing I 'm going
to visit my countryside at Turenne

1054
00:59:11,806 --> 00:59:14,115
to sell the part
of my maternal inheritance

1055
00:59:14,926 --> 00:59:16,200
in land and herds,

1056
00:59:16,846 --> 00:59:20,006
but I will not sell
before putting aside

1057
00:59:20,006 --> 00:59:21,446
a little butter from my cows for you.

1058
00:59:21,446 --> 00:59:24,526
I thank you and don't
forget to write to me.

1059
00:59:24,526 --> 00:59:25,406
No.

1060
00:59:25,406 --> 00:59:27,158
May God help you.

1061
00:59:35,886 --> 00:59:38,002
Requiem eternam...

1062
00:59:58,206 --> 01:00:01,046
Here are the two deeds of sale.
Mr Rene Descartes will receive

1063
01:00:01,046 --> 01:00:02,486
two thousand
pounds from Mr Dielefis

1064
01:00:02,486 --> 01:00:05,886
for the purchase of the Gran
Maison and Marchais estates,

1065
01:00:05,886 --> 01:00:08,326
another three thousand
will be paid by Mr Chatillon

1066
01:00:08,326 --> 01:00:11,086
for the landed estate of Peron,
and Mr Pierre Descartes,

1067
01:00:11,086 --> 01:00:14,286
the brother of Mr Rene
Descartes has no objection?

1068
01:00:14,286 --> 01:00:15,486
No none.

1069
01:00:15,486 --> 01:00:18,126
I want it to be clear that
purchase of the noble rights

1070
01:00:18,126 --> 01:00:21,086
over the Bonvenier land
is part of the same transaction.

1071
01:00:21,086 --> 01:00:24,246
This appears in the contract
according to the terms you

1072
01:00:24,246 --> 01:00:26,166
agreed at the time with Mr Descartes.

1073
01:00:26,166 --> 01:00:27,966
Very good, all you have
to do now is to sign.

1074
01:00:27,966 --> 01:00:31,925
According to the terms, the contract
will come into force in eight days time.

1075
01:01:07,206 --> 01:01:09,086
- Gentlemen.
- Gentlemen.

1076
01:01:09,086 --> 01:01:10,838
- Good-day.
- Good-day.

1077
01:01:13,326 --> 01:01:16,606
And so you want to free yourself
of part of the inheritance.

1078
01:01:16,606 --> 01:01:19,686
This displeases me because
I realise that you have decided

1079
01:01:19,686 --> 01:01:21,806
that you don't want to come
back and live with us.

1080
01:01:21,806 --> 01:01:23,603
You don't love France.

1081
01:01:24,286 --> 01:01:26,086
I wish to live in a place
useful to me,

1082
01:01:26,086 --> 01:01:29,158
that I like, where I can
discover something,

1083
01:01:30,046 --> 01:01:34,366
where only a few people know me
and where I can reflect in peace.

1084
01:01:34,366 --> 01:01:36,166
When will I be able
to see you again?

1085
01:01:36,166 --> 01:01:39,954
I don't know. Certainly
when I return from Italy.

1086
01:01:40,726 --> 01:01:43,638
You've sold some good rich land.

1087
01:01:44,366 --> 01:01:45,799
But I did so with good profit.

1088
01:01:46,286 --> 01:01:49,646
Theophile de Vian is an
unpunished libertine atheist,

1089
01:01:49,646 --> 01:01:52,806
what malice to have had
the impudence of writing

1090
01:01:52,806 --> 01:01:54,726
horrible blasphemies against God.

1091
01:01:54,726 --> 01:01:58,926
With his disgusting verses he has
turned our Paris into a Gomorrah.

1092
01:01:58,926 --> 01:02:03,522
He has fled and we burn his effigy,

1093
01:02:04,246 --> 01:02:07,526
and together with his effigy,

1094
01:02:07,526 --> 01:02:11,041
his writings and the writings
of all other libertines burn.

1095
01:02:14,486 --> 01:02:18,446
The prince of darkness must
be hunted down in his realm.

1096
01:02:18,446 --> 01:02:23,566
In the eternal flame to which
God has condemned him.

1097
01:02:23,566 --> 01:02:24,886
Burn him!

1098
01:02:24,886 --> 01:02:29,198
God will punish these libertines.
Also on this earth he will punish them.

1099
01:02:32,726 --> 01:02:34,326
Intolerance is like the plague.

1100
01:02:34,326 --> 01:02:37,557
I've been away for three years,
but every time I return to Paris

1101
01:02:38,206 --> 01:02:41,403
I always find something
that upsets me

1102
01:02:42,046 --> 01:02:45,206
and that makes me want to
leave as soon as possible.

1103
01:02:45,206 --> 01:02:49,677
You certainly wouldn't have been able to enjoy
such an exciting spectacle as that in Italy.

1104
01:02:51,326 --> 01:02:55,319
So much barbarism and so much
vulgarity amazes and upsets me.

1105
01:02:58,806 --> 01:03:02,286
Parliament has exiled the
authors of the theses against

1106
01:03:02,286 --> 01:03:03,806
Aristotelian philosophy from Paris,

1107
01:03:03,806 --> 01:03:08,006
it has forbidden them from divulging
and teaching under the pain of death

1108
01:03:08,006 --> 01:03:12,686
and has condemned Teophile together
with many more of our libertine friends.

1109
01:03:12,686 --> 01:03:17,606
... who taught their vices and
made even the

1110
01:03:17,606 --> 01:03:19,246
candid paper on which
they wrote blush ...

1111
01:03:19,246 --> 01:03:22,955
A good job Teophile Vian
managed to flee Paris,

1112
01:03:23,686 --> 01:03:27,646
so that now they have to content
themselves with burning his effigy.

1113
01:03:27,646 --> 01:03:32,006
... but fire purifies the earth from their
pride and will render justice to God.

1114
01:03:32,006 --> 01:03:34,926
The product of proud
minds must be destroyed.

1115
01:03:34,926 --> 01:03:39,046
It is like the discord that
suffocates the souls of simpletons.

1116
01:03:39,046 --> 01:03:40,798
They will be thrown into hell.

1117
01:03:49,406 --> 01:03:52,364
They will tell Father Mersenne
that if I didn't go to see him

1118
01:03:53,286 --> 01:03:56,286
it's because I haven't left
the house for a long time.

1119
01:03:56,286 --> 01:03:59,358
The air of Paris has
become stifling for me.

1120
01:04:00,566 --> 01:04:04,246
Tell him however that I shall certainly
be at the meeting he has prepared for me.

1121
01:04:04,246 --> 01:04:07,286
Thank you, sir, there are
many of us would like to know

1122
01:04:07,286 --> 01:04:08,806
the fruit of your reflections

1123
01:04:08,806 --> 01:04:10,956
Father Mersenne has talked
to us often about you.

1124
01:04:18,686 --> 01:04:21,519
Sirs, in bending in to
Father Mersenne's insistence,

1125
01:04:22,446 --> 01:04:26,246
I wish to report to you what I have
undertaken to write on this subject,

1126
01:04:26,246 --> 01:04:28,046
after two long years of reflection.

1127
01:04:28,046 --> 01:04:31,834
The twenty one rules for
guiding intelligence.

1128
01:04:33,766 --> 01:04:37,006
It seems incredible to me that
a great number of persons research

1129
01:04:37,006 --> 01:04:39,286
the customs of men,

1130
01:04:39,286 --> 01:04:41,726
the virtues of the plants,
the motions of the stars,

1131
01:04:41,726 --> 01:04:45,366
the transformation of metals and many
other similar disciplines with such fervour

1132
01:04:45,366 --> 01:04:50,394
and that no one takes the trouble
of researching man's mind,

1133
01:04:51,246 --> 01:04:54,686
about how it may work correctly.

1134
01:04:54,686 --> 01:04:58,686
About the human mind, which is a
wonderful and universal source of wisdom

1135
01:04:58,686 --> 01:05:01,484
and without which there
would be no knowledge.

1136
01:05:03,086 --> 01:05:04,485
The first rule.

1137
01:05:05,286 --> 01:05:09,286
The aim of study must be that of
guiding the mind to certain and true

1138
01:05:09,286 --> 01:05:12,039
judgements concerning
everything presented to it

1139
01:05:12,846 --> 01:05:16,686
If someone seriously wants to find the
truth, he must not just apply himself

1140
01:05:16,686 --> 01:05:20,566
to one particular science, because
the sciences are all connected

1141
01:05:20,566 --> 01:05:23,364
and dependent on each other
in the unity of knowledge.

1142
01:05:24,046 --> 01:05:25,326
The second rule.

1143
01:05:25,326 --> 01:05:27,966
We should only concern
ourselves with those objects

1144
01:05:27,966 --> 01:05:31,286
that we think we can reach
certain and safe knowledge of

1145
01:05:31,286 --> 01:05:33,406
through our intelligence.

1146
01:05:33,406 --> 01:05:36,846
On this subject, you need to know
that among the sciences known today,

1147
01:05:36,846 --> 01:05:41,206
only arithmetic and geometry are
free from falsity and uncertainties

1148
01:05:41,206 --> 01:05:45,446
because they consist entirely of logically
deducing a series of consequences,

1149
01:05:45,446 --> 01:05:49,566
concern a pure and simple subject
and their existence is not based

1150
01:05:49,566 --> 01:05:54,086
on anything that concrete
experience has made uncertain.

1151
01:05:54,086 --> 01:05:57,886
With their aid,

1152
01:05:57,886 --> 01:06:00,006
man can fall into mistakes
only by a lack of attention.

1153
01:06:00,006 --> 01:06:01,564
The third rule.

1154
01:06:02,326 --> 01:06:05,646
We must not stop at studying
the opinions and conjectures

1155
01:06:05,646 --> 01:06:09,166
of others or ourselves,
we must try to perceive

1156
01:06:09,166 --> 01:06:14,763
the real content of things,
with the clarity of the evidence.

1157
01:06:15,606 --> 01:06:19,440
To this end, we use
intuition and deduction.

1158
01:06:20,166 --> 01:06:24,966
By intuition, I do not mean the
inconstant fruit of sensations

1159
01:06:24,966 --> 01:06:30,766
or of our imaginations,
but the concept that flows

1160
01:06:30,766 --> 01:06:35,366
from a pure and attentive mind,
so clear and distinct

1161
01:06:35,366 --> 01:06:38,563
that no doubt can remain about it.

1162
01:06:39,326 --> 01:06:45,166
For example, two and two are the
same quantity as three and one,

1163
01:06:45,166 --> 01:06:46,155
in other words four.

1164
01:06:46,886 --> 01:06:50,886
As for deduction, this is
everything that we do not accept

1165
01:06:50,886 --> 01:06:56,006
as necessarily true in the
light of previous knowledge

1166
01:06:56,006 --> 01:07:00,716
obtained with absolute certainty.

1167
01:07:02,446 --> 01:07:05,926
All the other rules are born
from these rules and above all

1168
01:07:05,926 --> 01:07:08,846
the fourth one that I deduce
from the previous ones.

1169
01:07:08,846 --> 01:07:14,045
A method is necessary for
the search for the truth,

1170
01:07:14,806 --> 01:07:17,566
a method that leads
thoughts with order,

1171
01:07:17,566 --> 01:07:21,566
by proceeding from the objects that
are the simplest and easiest to know,

1172
01:07:21,566 --> 01:07:24,086
and by gradually progressing
to the more difficult ones.

1173
01:07:24,086 --> 01:07:28,526
After we have intuited a certain
number of simple arrangements

1174
01:07:28,526 --> 01:07:32,126
we pass on to reflecting on
their reciprocal relationships

1175
01:07:32,126 --> 01:07:34,126
if clear and distinct
concepts result from them,

1176
01:07:34,126 --> 01:07:37,926
with a continuous movement of thought.

1177
01:07:37,926 --> 01:07:42,206
In this methodical search for
the truth, we use the intellect,

1178
01:07:42,206 --> 01:07:46,086
imagination, the senses
and the memory,

1179
01:07:46,086 --> 01:07:50,286
both to distinctly sense
the simple prepositions,

1180
01:07:50,286 --> 01:07:55,606
and to correctly compare the researched
things with ones already known.

1181
01:07:55,606 --> 01:07:59,566
I believe that all the things
that may be within the reach

1182
01:07:59,566 --> 01:08:03,566
of the knowledge of man follow
each other in the same way

1183
01:08:03,566 --> 01:08:07,086
as the long chains of simple
and easy reasoning

1184
01:08:07,086 --> 01:08:09,926
geometricians usually use

1185
01:08:09,926 --> 01:08:13,601
to reach their most
difficult demonstrations.

1186
01:08:14,286 --> 01:08:18,166
This, sirs, is some of the reasoning

1187
01:08:18,166 --> 01:08:21,246
by which I sustain the twenty one rules

1188
01:08:21,246 --> 01:08:25,603
that I have established for
the correct use of the human mind

1189
01:08:26,526 --> 01:08:27,726
Excuse me sir,

1190
01:08:27,726 --> 01:08:29,606
as you were talking,
I felt a great desire

1191
01:08:29,606 --> 01:08:31,206
to read your reasoning.

1192
01:08:31,206 --> 01:08:32,766
Tell me when you are
going to publish it.

1193
01:08:32,766 --> 01:08:36,122
I cannot tell you when
I'll publish it sirs,

1194
01:08:37,126 --> 01:08:38,878
those who know me, know well that

1195
01:08:39,406 --> 01:08:43,319
I am like a pilgrim , I love
travelling in my thoughts

1196
01:08:44,166 --> 01:08:47,283
just as I love travelling
across Europe

1197
01:08:47,686 --> 01:08:50,678
with the purpose of
observing men and things,

1198
01:08:51,566 --> 01:08:55,320
to be able to better discover
the infinite faces of the truth

1199
01:08:56,406 --> 01:08:57,759
and those of error.

1200
01:09:48,086 --> 01:09:49,235
Sir.

1201
01:09:49,966 --> 01:09:54,166
Yes, my dear Bretagne,
what's going on this morning?

1202
01:09:54,166 --> 01:09:55,281
An excellent day, sir.

1203
01:09:55,766 --> 01:09:58,246
I see that you consumed
many candles last night,

1204
01:09:58,246 --> 01:09:59,766
did you work late?

1205
01:09:59,766 --> 01:10:02,806
Sir, sir, it's almost midday.

1206
01:10:02,806 --> 01:10:03,761
Midday?

1207
01:10:04,326 --> 01:10:06,686
Yes, and there's already someone who's
been waiting for you for more than an hour.

1208
01:10:06,686 --> 01:10:08,166
Oh, send him away.

1209
01:10:08,166 --> 01:10:11,446
He's certainly a barbarian if he
comes to tire me at this time of day.

1210
01:10:11,446 --> 01:10:13,914
He's a merchant, he comes from Paris.

1211
01:10:14,446 --> 01:10:17,966
He says he has a letter for you from Father
Mersenne, do you want me to send him away?

1212
01:10:17,966 --> 01:10:19,763
Don't talk nonsense.

1213
01:10:20,166 --> 01:10:23,486
Go, tell him I 'm getting dressed
and will receive him straightaway.

1214
01:10:23,486 --> 01:10:27,246
Ah, tell the kitchen to
prepare lunch for two.

1215
01:10:27,246 --> 01:10:29,286
- Yes.
- And tell the kitchen I want it rich and succulent.

1216
01:10:29,286 --> 01:10:30,082
Very good sir.

1217
01:10:35,766 --> 01:10:39,246
He must be a really important
guest if your boss

1218
01:10:39,246 --> 01:10:42,556
ordered buying the most
expensive fruit in the market.

1219
01:10:53,766 --> 01:10:54,881
This way.

1220
01:10:57,006 --> 01:10:57,722
Come.

1221
01:10:59,366 --> 01:11:02,086
Do I really have to tell our
Paris friends, that for the moment

1222
01:11:02,086 --> 01:11:04,646
you have no intention
of returning to France?

1223
01:11:05,326 --> 01:11:06,554
Absolutely.

1224
01:11:07,046 --> 01:11:11,046
It's really incredible that
you prefer to live in this city

1225
01:11:11,046 --> 01:11:12,246
of merchants and sailors,

1226
01:11:12,246 --> 01:11:14,396
instead of at Paris, which
is the city of learned men.

1227
01:11:15,926 --> 01:11:19,206
Since I established myself here
at Dordrecht, I haven't desired

1228
01:11:19,206 --> 01:11:21,561
to return to Paris even once

1229
01:11:23,006 --> 01:11:25,759
and to tell you the truth,
I prefer this retreat.

1230
01:11:26,166 --> 01:11:28,886
I prefer it, not only for the
silence of the convents

1231
01:11:28,886 --> 01:11:31,606
of the Carthusians and
of the hermitages,

1232
01:11:31,606 --> 01:11:36,122
but also to the privacy of
certain towns of France and Italy

1233
01:11:36,686 --> 01:11:41,396
to which one normally takes
refuge in order to study in peace.

1234
01:11:41,846 --> 01:11:44,846
I n the towns many of the
comforts are always missing

1235
01:11:44,846 --> 01:11:47,046
that are found in cities like these.

1236
01:11:47,046 --> 01:11:49,276
But Paris is a great city.

1237
01:11:49,966 --> 01:11:51,686
But I'm too well known ,

1238
01:11:51,686 --> 01:11:54,606
here instead there
is no one, me excepted

1239
01:11:54,606 --> 01:11:57,966
who does not perform trade
and everyone is so taken up

1240
01:11:57,966 --> 01:12:02,206
by his own interests that
I could stay here all my life

1241
01:12:02,206 --> 01:12:04,595
without ever being disturbed by a sole.

1242
01:12:05,406 --> 01:12:08,716
There is a school of Latin
letters and in this school,

1243
01:12:10,286 --> 01:12:13,966
apart from my only friend Beeckman,
there is no one else

1244
01:12:13,966 --> 01:12:17,845
that I know of interested in the
things that concern my mind.

1245
01:12:19,206 --> 01:12:23,366
I walk every morning in the
middle of the confusion

1246
01:12:23,366 --> 01:12:27,917
of a great people with the
same freedom and peace

1247
01:12:28,766 --> 01:12:30,802
that you can find in a country town,

1248
01:12:31,566 --> 01:12:35,639
and I look at the men I meet

1249
01:12:36,486 --> 01:12:39,523
as I would look at trees
and animals in a forest.

1250
01:12:40,206 --> 01:12:43,886
The noise of their traffic
does not succeed in interrupting

1251
01:12:43,886 --> 01:12:49,085
my fantasising any more than
the babbling of a brook would.

1252
01:12:49,846 --> 01:12:52,076
And you who travel,
can you tell me

1253
01:12:53,326 --> 01:12:55,046
any other country
in the world in which you

1254
01:12:55,046 --> 01:12:59,562
can you en joy such complete
liberty as in Holland.

1255
01:13:00,206 --> 01:13:03,606
But the climate?
The winter here is very hard,

1256
01:13:03,606 --> 01:13:05,881
the humidity of the fog
corrodes your bones.

1257
01:13:07,326 --> 01:13:09,126
It's enough to have
a good stove,

1258
01:13:09,126 --> 01:13:12,206
and not to leave home
if the weather's bad.

1259
01:13:12,206 --> 01:13:15,403
Ah, ah, ah, you are
an unbeatable hardhead.

1260
01:13:16,006 --> 01:13:19,766
In two weeks you could pass
by to collect my reply

1261
01:13:19,766 --> 01:13:22,439
to Father Mersenne's letter
you brought to me,

1262
01:13:23,206 --> 01:13:24,886
I hoped you would give it
to me straightaway.

1263
01:13:24,886 --> 01:13:30,006
No, the reply to Father Mersenne
requires much reflection

1264
01:13:30,766 --> 01:13:34,766
and I cannot interrupt
a new difficult study

1265
01:13:34,766 --> 01:13:36,199
I am performing on optics right now.

1266
01:13:38,766 --> 01:13:42,998
I will only return to Dordrecht at the
end of my journey, in thirty days time.

1267
01:13:43,646 --> 01:13:47,321
I'll leave the folder for
you with the tavern owner,

1268
01:13:48,006 --> 01:13:49,564
as in a month I will
no longer be here.

1269
01:13:52,126 --> 01:13:53,275
And where will you be?

1270
01:13:55,366 --> 01:13:57,038
I still don't know yet.

1271
01:13:57,646 --> 01:14:00,646
I on the other hand am persuaded
that you know very well,

1272
01:14:00,646 --> 01:14:02,443
but don't want to tell me.

1273
01:14:03,126 --> 01:14:06,516
It is said that when you
write to friends in Paris,

1274
01:14:07,086 --> 01:14:11,606
you mysteriously date your letters,
not from the place where you living,

1275
01:14:11,606 --> 01:14:14,886
but from other places,
Amsterdam, Leida or any way

1276
01:14:14,886 --> 01:14:17,525
places in which it is certain
you are not to be found in.

1277
01:14:22,286 --> 01:14:25,596
It is very difficult to find fruit
as good as this in Paris,

1278
01:14:26,286 --> 01:14:29,403
here in Holland, an infinite amount
arrives from the West Indies.

1279
01:14:29,726 --> 01:14:32,399
Are you certain it doesn't
harm the intestines?

1280
01:14:33,006 --> 01:14:39,206
Absolutely, it is much less indigestible
than the discourses of certain doctors.

1281
01:14:39,206 --> 01:14:41,083
Ah, ah, ah, ah.

1282
01:14:41,606 --> 01:14:45,886
I thank you , I thank you infinitely
for sparing me from

1283
01:14:45,886 --> 01:14:47,886
your point of view hyperbole,

1284
01:14:47,886 --> 01:14:52,926
but at the same time, I regret
that you also came to tell me

1285
01:14:52,926 --> 01:14:54,766
that you have decided to leave again.

1286
01:14:54,766 --> 01:14:58,126
You are as fidgety as no
other man I have ever known,

1287
01:14:58,126 --> 01:15:00,126
tell me at least where you're going.

1288
01:15:00,126 --> 01:15:01,526
I'm going to Franeker.

1289
01:15:01,526 --> 01:15:04,086
So I'll lose you once again.

1290
01:15:05,446 --> 01:15:10,886
Ten years ago, when you
left Breda, you promised me

1291
01:15:10,886 --> 01:15:14,526
that you wouldn't ever
have left me without your news,

1292
01:15:14,526 --> 01:15:18,046
but instead you've been
quiet for ten years.

1293
01:15:18,046 --> 01:15:23,006
And I waited in vain for your
texts on mechanics and those

1294
01:15:23,006 --> 01:15:26,601
about algebra, and I'm still waiting
because you haven't written them.

1295
01:15:27,286 --> 01:15:29,322
You're right to chide me.

1296
01:15:29,886 --> 01:15:33,006
Your mind was created
suitable for mathematics

1297
01:15:33,006 --> 01:15:37,446
and I think you're doing
a bad thing wasting your time

1298
01:15:37,446 --> 01:15:41,006
and talents in disciplines
that don't suit you.

1299
01:15:41,006 --> 01:15:44,006
My mind is attracted by mathematics,

1300
01:15:44,006 --> 01:15:46,286
I've repeated that to
you many times, I think,

1301
01:15:46,286 --> 01:15:50,286
only because it is executed,
in my opinion , with procedures

1302
01:15:50,286 --> 01:15:55,406
capable of demonstrating
metaphysical truths,

1303
01:15:55,406 --> 01:16:00,002
with greater evidence than
that usually reached

1304
01:16:00,766 --> 01:16:03,086
using philosophical demonstrations.

1305
01:16:03,086 --> 01:16:06,406
It is precisely your certainty
that seems excessive to me.

1306
01:16:06,406 --> 01:16:10,206
You think it possible to
apply it to metaphysics...

1307
01:16:10,206 --> 01:16:13,642
It is possible. Have you read
what I demonstrated in this sheet?

1308
01:16:16,446 --> 01:16:20,886
The rays, as you see, hit the
lens in a parallel position,

1309
01:16:20,886 --> 01:16:24,766
the lens deviates them

1310
01:16:24,766 --> 01:16:26,836
and they converge
perfectly at one point.

1311
01:16:27,526 --> 01:16:30,166
Everything appears clear,
simple, evident.

1312
01:16:30,166 --> 01:16:34,006
And you would claim to
bring the same clarity

1313
01:16:34,006 --> 01:16:37,246
and simplicity in
philosophical demonstrations

1314
01:16:37,246 --> 01:16:40,158
using only mathematical procedures?

1315
01:16:41,166 --> 01:16:44,606
My dear friend, perhaps you
are losing sight of the fact

1316
01:16:44,606 --> 01:16:46,886
that philosophy does not only

1317
01:16:46,886 --> 01:16:49,206
consider what material
realities are,

1318
01:16:49,206 --> 01:16:52,086
but through the ways
of reason it guides

1319
01:16:52,086 --> 01:16:54,766
man towards the contemplation of God.

1320
01:16:54,766 --> 01:17:00,086
Are you sure that mathematical
procedures are suitable

1321
01:17:00,086 --> 01:17:03,246
by their own nature for
approaching man's mind

1322
01:17:03,246 --> 01:17:06,955
to such a subtle
reality as God is?

1323
01:17:08,606 --> 01:17:09,959
Dear Beeckman ,

1324
01:17:11,046 --> 01:17:15,005
I wrote this to Father Mersenne
and I repeat it to you

1325
01:17:15,606 --> 01:17:19,645
and I will repeat it to all those
who raise objections on this point.

1326
01:17:20,486 --> 01:17:24,286
I will never talk about
theological things, never.

1327
01:17:24,286 --> 01:17:30,475
They depend on the truths revealed
through the word of Jesus Christ

1328
01:17:31,486 --> 01:17:35,923
and his prophets, but as
for questions of philosophy,

1329
01:17:36,686 --> 01:17:41,126
I say that these must all
be examined by human reason.

1330
01:17:41,126 --> 01:17:45,526
It is through this path that I
proved the foundations of physics

1331
01:17:45,526 --> 01:17:49,314
and through the same path
- beyond the physical sciences -

1332
01:17:50,166 --> 01:17:52,846
I am firmly convinced
that I can demonstrate

1333
01:17:52,846 --> 01:17:55,076
philosophical and
metaphysical questions.

1334
01:17:56,646 --> 01:17:58,682
Now, as for the
question you asked me,

1335
01:17:59,686 --> 01:18:06,206
if by their nature mathematical
procedures are suitable by their nature

1336
01:18:06,206 --> 01:18:09,126
for approaching man's mind
to the mystery of God,

1337
01:18:09,126 --> 01:18:13,563
I reply that everything
created is His work

1338
01:18:14,806 --> 01:18:18,355
and that mathematical
truths that depend on Him

1339
01:18:19,046 --> 01:18:21,126
are His work,

1340
01:18:21,126 --> 01:18:22,798
as is the rest
of creation.

1341
01:18:24,246 --> 01:18:28,319
To say that these truths are
uprooted and independent of Him,

1342
01:18:28,886 --> 01:18:32,481
would be like comparing
God to a Jupiter or a Saturn,

1343
01:18:33,446 --> 01:18:37,486
it'd be like wanting to subject God
to a reality external to him

1344
01:18:37,486 --> 01:18:38,999
and independent of him.

1345
01:18:40,926 --> 01:18:44,077
The clarity of mathematics, its rules,

1346
01:18:44,366 --> 01:18:47,597
come from God and
are subjugate to him.

1347
01:18:48,406 --> 01:18:52,526
Why should we be afraid
then for them to be used

1348
01:18:52,526 --> 01:18:57,046
by we men as an instrument
to know all the truths.

1349
01:18:57,046 --> 01:19:00,966
As always, your arguments
are exact and acute,

1350
01:19:00,966 --> 01:19:04,566
and I regret that your departure
will deprive me in the future

1351
01:19:04,566 --> 01:19:06,806
of the consolation I derive
from listening to them.

1352
01:19:06,806 --> 01:19:07,966
I'll write to you.

1353
01:19:07,966 --> 01:19:10,196
That I don't believe at all.

1354
01:19:11,006 --> 01:19:13,122
You know me little, dear Beeckman ,

1355
01:19:14,286 --> 01:19:16,406
the thought of your friendship

1356
01:19:16,406 --> 01:19:18,920
will always be of great
comfort to me.

1357
01:19:19,646 --> 01:19:23,766
The blood of all living
beings pulses in the veins

1358
01:19:23,766 --> 01:19:28,166
and is moved and pushed from
all parts at the same time,

1359
01:19:28,166 --> 01:19:31,806
and so the veins all pulse
at the same instant

1360
01:19:31,806 --> 01:19:35,206
because they all depend on the
heart that moves them continuously

1361
01:19:35,206 --> 01:19:37,926
This is what Aristotle taught us,

1362
01:19:37,926 --> 01:19:40,846
who like all the
ancients called veins,

1363
01:19:40,846 --> 01:19:44,600
what we today call arteries.

1364
01:19:45,206 --> 01:19:49,085
The heart is the cause
of this movement.

1365
01:19:50,006 --> 01:19:54,806
The heart of an eel for example,
once extracted

1366
01:19:54,806 --> 01:19:59,084
and placed on a table or on a
hand clearly behaves like this,

1367
01:19:59,726 --> 01:20:02,286
and the same is true for
the hearts of small fishes

1368
01:20:02,286 --> 01:20:04,242
and of all cold-blooded beings.

1369
01:20:05,006 --> 01:20:09,926
Even if in fish and in
all cold-blooded beings,

1370
01:20:09,926 --> 01:20:11,726
such as snakes and the frog ,

1371
01:20:11,726 --> 01:20:15,082
the heart is paler when it moves,

1372
01:20:15,686 --> 01:20:19,122
it returns to its bright red
colour during moments of stasis.

1373
01:20:20,126 --> 01:20:23,606
These observations,
sirs, are not my own,

1374
01:20:23,606 --> 01:20:27,006
I can only say that I have
confirmed them with my experience

1375
01:20:27,006 --> 01:20:31,602
as I have performed many vivisection operations
and dissections on land and sea animals.

1376
01:20:32,846 --> 01:20:37,086
These observations were written
for the first time in a book

1377
01:20:37,086 --> 01:20:40,726
the typographer Wilhelm Frietzer
printed at Frankfurt

1378
01:20:40,726 --> 01:20:45,242
with the title ''De motu cordis
et sanguinis in animalibus'',

1379
01:20:46,166 --> 01:20:49,246
written by a man that I repute
to be among the greatest

1380
01:20:49,246 --> 01:20:52,124
men of science in the world,
Sir William Harvey.

1381
01:20:53,606 --> 01:20:58,926
In 1628 he presented the unbiased
and indomitable Charles,

1382
01:20:58,926 --> 01:21:00,526
King of Great Britain, with this book.

1383
01:21:00,526 --> 01:21:01,641
Harvey wrote:

1384
01:21:04,686 --> 01:21:08,201
<i>The heart of living beings
is the basis of life,</i>

1385
01:21:08,646 --> 01:21:13,595
<i>the lord of everything connected
with life, the sun of the microcosm.</i>

1386
01:21:14,006 --> 01:21:16,679
<i>All vital acts
depend on the heart,</i>

1387
01:21:17,366 --> 01:21:20,486
<i>energy and all vigour
come from the heart,</i>

1388
01:21:20,486 --> 01:21:24,206
<i>in the same way in which the king
is the basis of his realm</i>

1389
01:21:24,206 --> 01:21:26,037
<i>the sun of the state.</i>

1390
01:21:27,726 --> 01:21:31,686
Blood succeeds in reaching the
most extreme parts of the body

1391
01:21:31,686 --> 01:21:36,006
through the arteries
and ever finer conduits,

1392
01:21:36,006 --> 01:21:39,846
and by entering the
tissues it waters them

1393
01:21:39,846 --> 01:21:42,406
with vigour and makes them live.

1394
01:21:42,406 --> 01:21:47,086
The veins in their turn,
collect and return it to the heart

1395
01:21:47,086 --> 01:21:49,926
and this determines
a perennial circuit.

1396
01:21:49,926 --> 01:21:53,446
What you maintain is that blood
is alive in the bodies of animals,

1397
01:21:53,446 --> 01:21:55,966
of fish and men without
any external influence.

1398
01:21:55,966 --> 01:21:57,606
Do you deny the influence of the stars?

1399
01:21:57,606 --> 01:22:00,366
Certainly, certainly.

1400
01:22:00,366 --> 01:22:04,166
When we dissect the
bodies and see life

1401
01:22:04,166 --> 01:22:06,166
pulsing inside an organism,

1402
01:22:06,166 --> 01:22:09,806
we are convinced that many
doctrines sustained until our times

1403
01:22:09,806 --> 01:22:13,446
by the men of science preceding
us, are pure fantasies.

1404
01:22:13,446 --> 01:22:18,201
Discovering nature's secrets imposes
a long struggle on the scholar.

1405
01:22:18,566 --> 01:22:21,406
It is necessary to observe, calculate,

1406
01:22:21,406 --> 01:22:25,604
compare, for days and days and if this
is not enough, for years and years.

1407
01:22:26,286 --> 01:22:29,846
It is necessary to humbly
correct one's own mistakes

1408
01:22:29,846 --> 01:22:34,203
and if necessary to go back to the
start, without any presumption.

1409
01:22:34,926 --> 01:22:37,206
The road to knowledge is terribly slow

1410
01:22:37,206 --> 01:22:40,482
and has nothing to do with the
illusory excitement of fantasy.

1411
01:22:41,646 --> 01:22:45,006
Your words sir, are
illuminated and too rarely

1412
01:22:45,006 --> 01:22:47,645
do we find this today
among learned men.

1413
01:22:48,286 --> 01:22:52,086
They prefer to believe
that the fables

1414
01:22:52,086 --> 01:22:55,206
written by the ancients about the
nature of the world are infallible.

1415
01:22:55,206 --> 01:22:57,686
Do you share the
doctor's doctrine then?

1416
01:22:57,686 --> 01:22:58,926
I agree with it, certainly.

1417
01:22:58,926 --> 01:23:02,046
I also have dissected fish

1418
01:23:02,046 --> 01:23:05,766
and many other animals
and I too an convinced

1419
01:23:05,766 --> 01:23:08,439
that blood circulates
in the way Dr Harvey

1420
01:23:09,326 --> 01:23:12,726
has taught and add
that in my opinion,

1421
01:23:12,726 --> 01:23:16,006
blood is effervescent
by its own nature

1422
01:23:16,006 --> 01:23:19,886
and that its continuous
re-boiling in the heart

1423
01:23:19,886 --> 01:23:23,526
is the cause of the pulsing found

1424
01:23:23,526 --> 01:23:24,806
in all living bodies.

1425
01:23:24,806 --> 01:23:27,639
In this, sirs, I agree
with Aristotle's doctrine.

1426
01:23:28,046 --> 01:23:32,446
The heart is a very hot vessel
and this easily explains

1427
01:23:32,446 --> 01:23:34,721
the mechanism of cardiac motion.

1428
01:23:35,446 --> 01:23:38,726
It is hearth in which the matter
and the principle of innate heat

1429
01:23:38,726 --> 01:23:41,923
are contained and conserved

1430
01:23:42,806 --> 01:23:45,195
from where it is transmitted
to all the other organs.

1431
01:23:46,046 --> 01:23:48,686
On this point,
I don't agree with you.

1432
01:23:48,686 --> 01:23:52,086
As Dr Harvey says,
the movements of the heart

1433
01:23:52,086 --> 01:23:55,046
consist of very rapid beats

1434
01:23:55,046 --> 01:23:58,206
and of instantaneous stokes
produced as by a muscle,

1435
01:23:58,206 --> 01:24:01,846
whilst this boiling
process you talk of

1436
01:24:01,846 --> 01:24:03,646
has no relation to all this.

1437
01:24:03,646 --> 01:24:07,446
In a boiling process, as you
know, you can only notice

1438
01:24:07,446 --> 01:24:11,126
a slow rising and a gradual descent

1439
01:24:11,126 --> 01:24:12,446
whilst on the contrary,

1440
01:24:12,446 --> 01:24:15,206
in the heart of whatever
species of animal,

1441
01:24:15,206 --> 01:24:17,845
we have extremely
rapid beats instead.

1442
01:24:18,966 --> 01:24:21,886
I still need to reflect on this point.

1443
01:24:21,886 --> 01:24:24,806
I hope that you will
come every day here,

1444
01:24:24,806 --> 01:24:28,924
to this university to compare
your reflections with ours.

1445
01:24:30,246 --> 01:24:32,555
I deeply regret that I cannot
return here among you,

1446
01:24:33,526 --> 01:24:35,766
because I greatly
appreciate your doctrine,

1447
01:24:35,766 --> 01:24:38,405
but in coming days
I 'm going to Amsterdam,

1448
01:24:39,126 --> 01:24:41,966
to meet other learned men.

1449
01:24:41,966 --> 01:24:45,486
You do well sir, very well,
and I envy you.

1450
01:24:45,486 --> 01:24:49,046
In our century it is no longer
possible to acquire a doctrine

1451
01:24:49,046 --> 01:24:53,406
other than by visiting the
universities and by comparing

1452
01:24:53,406 --> 01:24:55,806
the opinions of different
learned men;

1453
01:24:55,806 --> 01:24:58,686
it is necessary, as Bacon wrote,
to free ourselves

1454
01:24:58,686 --> 01:25:04,126
from the idols of false philosophy
and to construct a new science.

1455
01:25:04,126 --> 01:25:06,606
On this point, we all agree sir.

1456
01:25:06,606 --> 01:25:09,886
I n the same year in which Cardinal
Richelieu set siege to La Rochelle,

1457
01:25:09,886 --> 01:25:14,166
Wallenstein, set siege to Strapsunt
in Germany at the mouth of the Oder.

1458
01:25:14,166 --> 01:25:16,086
Richelieu, won at Rochelle however,

1459
01:25:16,086 --> 01:25:17,686
and the Huguenots were defeated,

1460
01:25:17,686 --> 01:25:21,726
whilst Wallenstein was forced to
abandon the siege and to retreat.

1461
01:25:21,726 --> 01:25:23,566
Yes that was a fatal year for him.

1462
01:25:23,566 --> 01:25:27,206
Yes, he had to bend before
the Swedes and his child died.

1463
01:25:27,206 --> 01:25:29,926
His heir, the sole hope
for continuing his line.

1464
01:25:29,926 --> 01:25:34,006
Three years ago, in 1630, I found
myself at Ratisbona for trade

1465
01:25:34,006 --> 01:25:37,046
and precisely during those days,
the Diet of the German nobility

1466
01:25:37,046 --> 01:25:39,726
requested and obtained the sacking
of Wallenstein from the Emperor,

1467
01:25:39,726 --> 01:25:42,399
who had any way been one
of his great fighters.

1468
01:25:43,126 --> 01:25:45,486
His troops were hated
throughout all Germany.

1469
01:25:45,486 --> 01:25:49,606
Never had such arrogant and violent
soldiers ever been seen. Ever.

1470
01:25:49,606 --> 01:25:51,526
And I remember that
no one could be found

1471
01:25:51,526 --> 01:25:54,326
with the courage to
take him the news

1472
01:25:54,326 --> 01:25:57,446
of his destitution,
but once destitute,

1473
01:25:57,446 --> 01:25:59,566
they had to clamorously
recall him when

1474
01:25:59,566 --> 01:26:02,166
after so many defeats there
was no longer any one else

1475
01:26:02,166 --> 01:26:04,526
capable of leading the
Catholic Imperial troops

1476
01:26:04,526 --> 01:26:07,726
against the army of
Gustavo Adolfo of Sweden

1477
01:26:07,726 --> 01:26:09,366
who had reached as far as the Danube.

1478
01:26:09,366 --> 01:26:12,206
Wallenstein was able
to stop Gustavo Adolfo

1479
01:26:12,206 --> 01:26:15,046
only because Gustavo Adolfo
died on the battlefield.

1480
01:26:15,046 --> 01:26:18,766
This was the fortune of the
Hapsburgs and of the Catholic League.

1481
01:26:18,766 --> 01:26:20,886
Didn't you return any
longer to Bavaria?

1482
01:26:20,886 --> 01:26:24,162
Just once, to Munich, to sell
a large batch of spices,

1483
01:26:24,966 --> 01:26:27,486
but since the struggle
between the armies

1484
01:26:27,486 --> 01:26:30,046
of the Catholic princes against the
Protestant princes started again,

1485
01:26:30,046 --> 01:26:32,002
I have preferred to send my agents.

1486
01:26:33,406 --> 01:26:37,206
The roads are not very safe
and then there are entire regions

1487
01:26:37,206 --> 01:26:40,486
afflicted by famine and plague,
every where,

1488
01:26:40,486 --> 01:26:44,566
from Augusta to Wurttemberg,
from Turingia to the Palatinate.

1489
01:26:44,566 --> 01:26:47,646
One of my agents told me that
he had seen wolf-packs

1490
01:26:47,646 --> 01:26:50,446
in Bohemia advancing right
inside the cities.

1491
01:26:50,446 --> 01:26:53,526
It is incredible that such terrible
wars are fought here in Europe

1492
01:26:53,526 --> 01:26:56,246
right when the world is
becoming ever larger

1493
01:26:56,246 --> 01:26:58,046
and when there would be
more space for everyone.

1494
01:26:58,046 --> 01:27:02,126
The West and East Indies
regurgitate wealth

1495
01:27:02,126 --> 01:27:04,046
we could all profit from.

1496
01:27:04,046 --> 01:27:07,046
The fortune of we Dutch ,
is that the European princes

1497
01:27:07,046 --> 01:27:08,486
while warring among each other,

1498
01:27:08,486 --> 01:27:11,126
failed to notice that,

1499
01:27:11,126 --> 01:27:15,086
the East Indies Company and
the West Indies Company

1500
01:27:15,086 --> 01:27:18,726
have brought us in the
last thirty years

1501
01:27:18,726 --> 01:27:21,846
so much business and money
that the safes of our banks

1502
01:27:21,846 --> 01:27:24,166
are much richer than those
of the King of Spain.

1503
01:27:24,166 --> 01:27:26,526
The English have noticed this too.

1504
01:27:26,526 --> 01:27:29,126
Our fleet is much more
powerful than their fleet

1505
01:27:29,126 --> 01:27:32,366
and our sailors are
certainly much better.

1506
01:27:32,366 --> 01:27:35,766
Come, I want to present a friend to you
who arrived yesterday from the East Indies.

1507
01:27:35,766 --> 01:27:37,677
They are the models of the
ships my husband has constructed.

1508
01:27:38,286 --> 01:27:42,120
This is the Beatrice weighing
one thousand tons,

1509
01:27:42,686 --> 01:27:44,756
one of the largest ships
built in Holland

1510
01:27:45,526 --> 01:27:47,206
and carrying my daughter's name.

1511
01:27:47,206 --> 01:27:48,036
Ah.

1512
01:27:48,606 --> 01:27:49,966
This, instead is the second,

1513
01:27:49,966 --> 01:27:52,400
the Muyden, which now finds
itself in the East Indies.

1514
01:27:54,006 --> 01:27:57,476
The ships slip between the sea
and the fluid of the skies

1515
01:27:58,166 --> 01:28:00,521
following the curve of the
terrestrial spheres.

1516
01:28:02,886 --> 01:28:06,326
Mr Descartes, I am certain that you
would very much like an automaton

1517
01:28:06,326 --> 01:28:08,806
my husband bought from a
Bohemian mechanic.

1518
01:28:08,806 --> 01:28:09,726
Certainly.

1519
01:28:09,726 --> 01:28:13,046
Sirs, do you already
know my automaton.

1520
01:28:13,046 --> 01:28:14,086
Yes.

1521
01:28:14,086 --> 01:28:16,446
Sirs, would you like to
come and see my automaton?

1522
01:28:16,446 --> 01:28:17,435
Ah.

1523
01:28:55,726 --> 01:28:58,718
See, Mr Descartes,
it's almost magic.

1524
01:28:59,486 --> 01:29:01,795
It doesn't spill even one drop.

1525
01:29:03,926 --> 01:29:06,366
Everyone who has seen it says
that such a perfect automaton

1526
01:29:06,366 --> 01:29:07,886
doesn't exist any where
else in the world.

1527
01:29:07,886 --> 01:29:09,646
What do you say about
it Mr Descartes?

1528
01:29:09,646 --> 01:29:11,955
Ah, I wouldn't dare
to contradict you Madam.

1529
01:29:12,726 --> 01:29:14,398
It's a perfect mechanism.

1530
01:29:15,686 --> 01:29:21,766
By using weights, counterweights,
levers, joints, gears,

1531
01:29:21,766 --> 01:29:24,564
wheels of different
dimensions and tie-bars

1532
01:29:25,166 --> 01:29:28,206
it can impress even any movement
on an inanimate material

1533
01:29:28,206 --> 01:29:32,726
by making it perform
gestures similar

1534
01:29:32,726 --> 01:29:36,401
to those of men or animals.

1535
01:29:37,246 --> 01:29:40,046
But the bones and muscles
of a man are a real machine.

1536
01:29:40,046 --> 01:29:42,685
The largest machine however,
is the heavens.

1537
01:29:43,366 --> 01:29:45,646
Mr Descartes certainly
agrees with me.

1538
01:29:45,646 --> 01:29:49,275
Astronomer Ciprus and
Costantino Wigens.

1539
01:29:49,966 --> 01:29:51,166
Do you know each other?

1540
01:29:51,166 --> 01:29:53,282
- Yes, Yes, of course.
- Oh Yes, we know each other.

1541
01:29:54,406 --> 01:29:58,446
You are right, the entire
universe is a large machine.

1542
01:29:58,446 --> 01:30:00,366
Excuse me if I interrupted you,

1543
01:30:00,366 --> 01:30:02,246
but I wanted to advise Mr Descartes

1544
01:30:02,246 --> 01:30:05,966
that I am going to begin my new
astronomical observations tomorrow.

1545
01:30:05,966 --> 01:30:07,486
Oh, you are very kind.

1546
01:30:07,486 --> 01:30:10,406
And you would do me a great
honour in assisting me.

1547
01:30:10,406 --> 01:30:12,522
I will certainly do so, I thank you.

1548
01:30:13,246 --> 01:30:16,761
In fact, I'm very interested
in the mechanics of the skies.

1549
01:30:17,526 --> 01:30:18,806
Observe.

1550
01:30:18,806 --> 01:30:22,486
This is a very delicate
instrument and it can be moved

1551
01:30:22,486 --> 01:30:26,001
in any direction without
any oscillation.

1552
01:30:26,646 --> 01:30:29,766
When the sun falls,
I will begin my observations.

1553
01:30:29,766 --> 01:30:30,562
Gentlemen.

1554
01:30:31,086 --> 01:30:34,686
The telescope has revealed
the movements of the skies.

1555
01:30:34,686 --> 01:30:37,966
As Bacon says, man is the
minister and interpreter

1556
01:30:37,966 --> 01:30:42,406
of nature and he can understand
it only by observing its

1557
01:30:42,406 --> 01:30:46,006
order through experience
and intellect.

1558
01:30:46,006 --> 01:30:49,366
Man doesn't know better
and couldn't know better.

1559
01:30:49,366 --> 01:30:50,886
Nothing , truly nothing.

1560
01:30:50,886 --> 01:30:54,766
And it is ignorance of the causes that
removes from us knowledge of the effects

1561
01:30:54,766 --> 01:30:57,966
and impedes us from acting on
nature according to its laws,

1562
01:30:57,966 --> 01:31:00,686
and this therefore prevents
us from subjugating it.

1563
01:31:00,686 --> 01:31:02,486
This is also one of Bacon's thoughts

1564
01:31:02,486 --> 01:31:05,246
Because the only way to win
over nature is by obeying her,

1565
01:31:05,246 --> 01:31:08,366
and when we ignore the
causes our explanations

1566
01:31:08,366 --> 01:31:11,286
of natural phenomenon are
born from our imagination

1567
01:31:11,286 --> 01:31:14,526
and God knows how
false our fantasy is.

1568
01:31:14,526 --> 01:31:17,886
Every century has its fashions,
but then fashions pass,

1569
01:31:17,886 --> 01:31:19,842
and the world remains
always the same.

1570
01:31:20,486 --> 01:31:23,126
I admire you greatly
astronomer Ciprus,

1571
01:31:23,126 --> 01:31:26,086
you are the most expert
astronomer I know,

1572
01:31:26,086 --> 01:31:27,997
but if you permit me to say,

1573
01:31:28,846 --> 01:31:31,406
at the moment you are following
a pernicious fashion,

1574
01:31:32,006 --> 01:31:34,246
incited by the madness
of certain innovators

1575
01:31:34,246 --> 01:31:36,885
who I do not approve of at all.

1576
01:31:37,406 --> 01:31:40,045
Well, don't you think you're
exaggerating a little?

1577
01:31:40,766 --> 01:31:45,366
I esteem your doctrine,
but I cannot approve

1578
01:31:45,366 --> 01:31:50,646
when you expect to go and
discover new planets in the skies

1579
01:31:50,646 --> 01:31:53,366
with your new instruments
that we do not know to be

1580
01:31:53,366 --> 01:31:55,277
more or less false
than the human eye,

1581
01:31:55,686 --> 01:31:59,006
and above all when you claim
to add new planets

1582
01:31:59,006 --> 01:32:01,006
to the already existing
ones without any prudence.

1583
01:32:01,006 --> 01:32:04,326
I cannot understand
how discovering a new planet

1584
01:32:04,326 --> 01:32:05,686
could be an imprudence.

1585
01:32:05,686 --> 01:32:07,846
It's very serious imprudence,

1586
01:32:07,846 --> 01:32:09,806
because it is by acting like this
that those such as yourself

1587
01:32:09,806 --> 01:32:13,126
have ruined astrology and have
destroyed all its connections

1588
01:32:13,126 --> 01:32:14,166
with medicine.

1589
01:32:14,166 --> 01:32:17,486
They have added new stars
to the patterns of the skies

1590
01:32:17,486 --> 01:32:19,920
without thinking of
the consequences.

1591
01:32:20,526 --> 01:32:22,886
They have ruined the
order of the Zodiac,

1592
01:32:22,886 --> 01:32:26,566
they have upset the known
qualities of the fixed stars,

1593
01:32:26,566 --> 01:32:30,286
the calculation of the
formation of the embryo,

1594
01:32:30,286 --> 01:32:35,366
the influence and the motives of the
stars during the critical days,

1595
01:32:35,366 --> 01:32:39,126
and other innumerable
truths that all depend,

1596
01:32:39,126 --> 01:32:42,206
on the septenary number
of the planets.

1597
01:32:42,206 --> 01:32:45,086
In your opinion therefore,
we should stop

1598
01:32:45,086 --> 01:32:48,766
all scientific progress just
because it is irksome to some

1599
01:32:48,766 --> 01:32:50,996
to re-order their old manuals?

1600
01:32:52,566 --> 01:32:55,326
We should not be afraid
of writing new treatises

1601
01:32:55,326 --> 01:32:59,726
new summae, new explanations
of the structure of the world.

1602
01:32:59,726 --> 01:33:02,646
Otherwise we reach the
paradox of Martin Forkey.

1603
01:33:02,646 --> 01:33:04,762
I've never heard this
gentleman spoken of.

1604
01:33:05,486 --> 01:33:08,406
He is a presumptuous man because
when through the telescope he saw

1605
01:33:08,406 --> 01:33:10,606
the real pattern of the
skies he was disturbed

1606
01:33:10,606 --> 01:33:13,366
because what he saw didn't correspond
to the patterns of the stars

1607
01:33:13,366 --> 01:33:14,958
he had studied in the manuals.

1608
01:33:15,526 --> 01:33:18,686
So, he then wrote to Keplero

1609
01:33:18,686 --> 01:33:21,564
that when the telescope is aimed at
terrestrial things it performs wonders,

1610
01:33:22,206 --> 01:33:25,446
it enlarges objects
and succeeds in discovery

1611
01:33:25,446 --> 01:33:27,246
everything that can be
seen with the naked eye,

1612
01:33:27,246 --> 01:33:30,006
but when aimed at
the sky it is useless.

1613
01:33:30,006 --> 01:33:32,166
I approve of Keplero's theories,

1614
01:33:32,166 --> 01:33:34,246
I have checked many
of his observations

1615
01:33:34,246 --> 01:33:36,606
and have re-done
many of his calculations.

1616
01:33:36,606 --> 01:33:40,526
If he hadn't died two years ago, I would
have gone to find him at Lisbon,

1617
01:33:40,526 --> 01:33:43,126
where he had taken refuge
due to the wars of religion,

1618
01:33:43,126 --> 01:33:44,684
to receive his approval.

1619
01:33:46,886 --> 01:33:50,446
The orbits of the planets are ellipses,

1620
01:33:50,446 --> 01:33:53,165
of which the sun occupies
one of the two focuses.

1621
01:33:53,886 --> 01:33:56,206
When Keplero made
his first calculations,

1622
01:33:56,206 --> 01:33:59,206
drawing on the observations
of his master Tico Brahe,

1623
01:33:59,206 --> 01:34:02,286
he made just one error
which he any way corrected:

1624
01:34:02,286 --> 01:34:04,277
he had taken ellipses
for ovals.

1625
01:34:04,966 --> 01:34:08,966
Keplero's highly original
idea was that of representing

1626
01:34:08,966 --> 01:34:10,886
the observations about
the paths of the stars

1627
01:34:10,886 --> 01:34:14,326
as if they had been observed
by watching them from the sun ,

1628
01:34:14,326 --> 01:34:15,441
rather than from the earth.

1629
01:34:16,126 --> 01:34:19,846
He calculated the revolution of Mars
along its ellipsis around the sun ,

1630
01:34:19,846 --> 01:34:25,326
to be a full distance of six
hundred and eighty seven days.

1631
01:34:25,326 --> 01:34:30,886
Resolving, revolutionising,
means continuously returning

1632
01:34:30,886 --> 01:34:32,166
to the starting point.

1633
01:34:32,166 --> 01:34:34,646
At the end of each ellipsis in fact,

1634
01:34:34,646 --> 01:34:37,646
the planet returns to the
identical place in the sky,

1635
01:34:37,646 --> 01:34:40,926
this place and the Sun's place
are the two fixed points

1636
01:34:40,926 --> 01:34:44,396
he referred to in order to determine
the position of the Earth.

1637
01:34:44,926 --> 01:34:48,646
With this kind of triangulation
of the skies, Keplero

1638
01:34:48,646 --> 01:34:52,486
succeeded in calculating the path of
all the other planets around the sun.

1639
01:34:52,486 --> 01:34:55,717
the speed and the distances
between the planets

1640
01:34:57,246 --> 01:35:00,124
These studies are of
extremely great importance.

1641
01:35:00,726 --> 01:35:05,166
For example, the Earth
appears to us much larger

1642
01:35:05,166 --> 01:35:08,726
than all the other celestial
bodies and the Moon and the Sun

1643
01:35:08,726 --> 01:35:11,559
appear to us to be larger
than all the stars,

1644
01:35:12,206 --> 01:35:15,166
but if we correct the
defect in our sight

1645
01:35:15,166 --> 01:35:17,839
by means of geometric reasoning ,

1646
01:35:18,526 --> 01:35:20,886
which is the only
infallible reasoning,

1647
01:35:20,886 --> 01:35:26,086
we realise that the Moon
is far away from us, let's say...

1648
01:35:26,086 --> 01:35:28,966
at around thirty times
the diameter of the earth,

1649
01:35:28,966 --> 01:35:33,166
and the sun six or seven
hundred diameters,

1650
01:35:33,166 --> 01:35:37,046
and by comparing these distances
with the what is the apparent

1651
01:35:37,046 --> 01:35:41,566
diameter of the sun and the moon,
we find that the moon

1652
01:35:41,566 --> 01:35:47,446
is smaller than the Earth and
that the sun is much , much larger.

1653
01:35:47,446 --> 01:35:50,126
Have you too ever had
the intention of adding

1654
01:35:50,126 --> 01:35:52,406
a few new planets to the
already known ones?

1655
01:35:52,406 --> 01:35:56,524
I see that you too have let yourself become
excited by the fashions of the innovators.

1656
01:35:57,886 --> 01:35:59,638
I am not an innovator.

1657
01:36:00,126 --> 01:36:05,154
I am simply trying to succeed
in discovering the true

1658
01:36:05,846 --> 01:36:07,677
face of the universe
with absolute certainty.

1659
01:36:08,206 --> 01:36:11,326
I hope that you have at least
realised that the universe is immense

1660
01:36:11,326 --> 01:36:13,794
and that its true face
is very far from you.

1661
01:36:14,406 --> 01:36:17,523
While waiting for dark, let's warm
ourselves up again with some chocolate.

1662
01:36:21,046 --> 01:36:23,926
And now gentlemen, I'll show
you something marvelous.

1663
01:36:23,926 --> 01:36:26,884
I will direct the telescope
towards the Pleiades.

1664
01:36:46,766 --> 01:36:48,199
I 'm switching off the lamp.

1665
01:36:54,046 --> 01:36:55,274
There you are gentlemen.

1666
01:36:57,006 --> 01:36:58,803
Admire the Pleiades.

1667
01:37:02,406 --> 01:37:04,203
I have to admit that it works.

1668
01:37:11,406 --> 01:37:13,362
The wonders of the skies.

1669
01:37:20,726 --> 01:37:22,159
How vast the sky is.

1670
01:37:22,846 --> 01:37:25,406
Please do not move gentlemen.

1671
01:37:25,406 --> 01:37:26,395
Excuse us.

1672
01:37:29,766 --> 01:37:32,485
Have you finished your
studies on meteors?

1673
01:37:33,166 --> 01:37:34,804
I've almost finished.

1674
01:37:35,526 --> 01:37:37,166
When are leaving for Dventer?

1675
01:37:37,166 --> 01:37:38,076
Tomorrow.

1676
01:37:38,846 --> 01:37:40,438
- Sir.
- Excuse me.

1677
01:37:41,806 --> 01:37:44,206
Dr Gerolamus will be here
in a minute with the letter

1678
01:37:44,206 --> 01:37:47,206
I asked you to deliver
to Mr Reigne at Dventer.

1679
01:37:47,206 --> 01:37:48,275
Yes, I know him.

1680
01:37:49,006 --> 01:37:51,206
Dr Gerolamus is a great
devourer of books,

1681
01:37:51,206 --> 01:37:54,721
I don't believe that any book exists
in Amsterdam that he hasn't read.

1682
01:37:56,646 --> 01:37:59,843
A respectable man is not obliged
to have read all the books,

1683
01:38:00,406 --> 01:38:03,523
there are many other
things to do in life

1684
01:38:04,006 --> 01:38:07,282
and knowledge does not depend
on what a man has read,

1685
01:38:07,886 --> 01:38:09,160
but also on what he has seen.

1686
01:38:09,566 --> 01:38:10,766
You are right.

1687
01:38:10,766 --> 01:38:11,806
Sir.

1688
01:38:11,806 --> 01:38:13,125
You too are right.

1689
01:38:16,566 --> 01:38:20,002
Ah, here's the theologian Gerolamus.
Come forward doctor.

1690
01:38:27,086 --> 01:38:30,556
Mr Wigens told me notable
things on your account.

1691
01:38:31,206 --> 01:38:34,126
I t seems that you have read
all the books in this city.

1692
01:38:34,126 --> 01:38:36,926
No, not all, and this displeases me.

1693
01:38:36,926 --> 01:38:39,166
I have not been able however,
to find any of your books.

1694
01:38:39,166 --> 01:38:40,566
I have written little.

1695
01:38:40,566 --> 01:38:43,126
My works are not yet diffuse.

1696
01:38:43,126 --> 01:38:46,006
I regret that, because I
learned from Mr Wigens

1697
01:38:46,006 --> 01:38:48,646
your doctrines about the
correct use of intelligence

1698
01:38:48,646 --> 01:38:50,206
and I find them very practical.

1699
01:38:50,206 --> 01:38:53,246
I appreciate Mr Reigne
at Dventer very much.

1700
01:38:53,246 --> 01:38:55,966
And do you appreciate them sir?

1701
01:38:55,966 --> 01:38:59,197
Tell the truth to Mr Descartes,
repeat to him what you told me.

1702
01:38:59,886 --> 01:39:01,205
I'm embarrassed.

1703
01:39:01,886 --> 01:39:03,114
I don't see why.

1704
01:39:03,846 --> 01:39:06,526
They seem to me to be the fruit
of immeasurable arrogance.

1705
01:39:06,526 --> 01:39:08,966
It is as if you want to
free human reason

1706
01:39:08,966 --> 01:39:12,515
from its dependence on its
creator and on the Bible

1707
01:39:13,046 --> 01:39:15,726
to which you make
absolutely no reference.

1708
01:39:15,726 --> 01:39:20,606
Many people have chided me for
this, and yet I can assure you

1709
01:39:20,606 --> 01:39:24,918
sir, that I work in all humility,
looking inside things,

1710
01:39:26,086 --> 01:39:29,646
because I believe things
to be the creatures of God

1711
01:39:29,646 --> 01:39:34,606
and that they bring the sign of
truth , whilst the wild fantasies

1712
01:39:34,606 --> 01:39:38,121
of the men from whom so many
obscure doctrines are born

1713
01:39:39,046 --> 01:39:41,082
are the fruit of arrogance.

1714
01:39:42,846 --> 01:39:45,606
When I wrote my treatise
on dioptrics,

1715
01:39:45,606 --> 01:39:47,801
I did not trust in fantasy,

1716
01:39:48,486 --> 01:39:51,446
I cut open and examined
the eyes of animals

1717
01:39:51,446 --> 01:39:54,518
and with suitable authorisation,
also those of dead men.

1718
01:39:55,126 --> 01:39:58,402
I observed for example
that the optic nerve,

1719
01:39:59,046 --> 01:40:02,834
is comprised of a great
number of small filaments

1720
01:40:03,526 --> 01:40:06,806
and that this is one of the
material means for the formation

1721
01:40:06,806 --> 01:40:10,037
of the image whose
nature remains any way

1722
01:40:11,166 --> 01:40:14,158
a mysterious gift
of divine goodness.

1723
01:40:14,726 --> 01:40:18,002
It now seems to me that
this research procedure

1724
01:40:18,726 --> 01:40:21,726
subjected to the sole
control of reason,

1725
01:40:21,726 --> 01:40:25,086
that puts together simple
data and precise deductions

1726
01:40:25,086 --> 01:40:27,566
is a humble work.

1727
01:40:27,566 --> 01:40:31,002
Dr Gerolamus certainly
appreciates your defence.

1728
01:40:31,486 --> 01:40:35,798
I appreciate it greatly, sir, but I didn't
wish to put you under accusation.

1729
01:40:36,726 --> 01:40:41,006
You certainly work humbly,
but without wanting it

1730
01:40:41,006 --> 01:40:44,286
you tempt the arrogance of men

1731
01:40:44,286 --> 01:40:46,846
who find the reasons for limitless
independence in your doctrine,

1732
01:40:46,846 --> 01:40:50,446
but I'm certain that you will
give much consolation

1733
01:40:50,446 --> 01:40:52,446
to Mr Reigne and his pupils -

1734
01:40:52,446 --> 01:40:55,966
these persons will unfortunately hail
you, given their excessive passion

1735
01:40:55,966 --> 01:40:59,606
for sciences which I will
never fail to rebuke them for.

1736
01:40:59,606 --> 01:41:01,119
This is what I have
written to Reigne.

1737
01:41:03,286 --> 01:41:05,966
<i>As for your excessive
love for knowledge,</i>

1738
01:41:05,966 --> 01:41:08,686
<i>I remind you of the words
of our father Calvin</i>

1739
01:41:08,686 --> 01:41:11,686
<i>A man's desire
to know the truth</i>

1740
01:41:11,686 --> 01:41:15,726
<i>is a spark of light,
but this desire degenerates</i>

1741
01:41:15,726 --> 01:41:19,966
<i>into vanity because the human
spirit is so obtuse and weak</i>

1742
01:41:19,966 --> 01:41:24,005
<i>that alone he cannot maintain the right
road in the search for the truth</i>

1743
01:41:24,806 --> 01:41:29,286
<i>and that most often, he is
incapable of discerning the object</i>

1744
01:41:29,286 --> 01:41:33,040
<i>he must apply himself to
in order to find true knowledge.</i>

1745
01:41:33,846 --> 01:41:37,966
<i>Man's spirit with its
impoverished integrity,</i>

1746
01:41:37,966 --> 01:41:42,198
<i>even though blessed with excellent
gifts from God is too infirm,</i>

1747
01:41:43,166 --> 01:41:47,006
<i>as the scriptures say, to guide us
on every occasion in our lives</i>

1748
01:41:47,006 --> 01:41:50,606
<i>if not helped
at every instant,</i>

1749
01:41:50,606 --> 01:41:53,359
<i>by the light of
divine grace.</i>

1750
01:41:55,646 --> 01:41:58,366
I would be grateful to you,
if you would take this letter

1751
01:41:58,366 --> 01:42:03,046
To Mr Reigne with my best
regards and I assure you

1752
01:42:03,046 --> 01:42:05,726
that I esteem your
passion for the truth,

1753
01:42:05,726 --> 01:42:09,355
which I also feel,
but at the same time fear.

1754
01:42:34,926 --> 01:42:36,678
Bretaigne, it's late.

1755
01:42:38,006 --> 01:42:40,440
Can't you manage
to get up even today.

1756
01:42:57,766 --> 01:43:00,526
Since you arrived,
the fever has never left me.

1757
01:43:00,526 --> 01:43:04,646
My dear Elena
I can't get up any more,

1758
01:43:04,646 --> 01:43:07,240
- I feel that I'll never get up ever again.
- Ah, don't talk rubbish.

1759
01:43:08,086 --> 01:43:10,406
Those who experience bad,
taste good all the better,

1760
01:43:10,406 --> 01:43:12,397
I'll go and wake your master.

1761
01:43:45,926 --> 01:43:48,201
There is never a day so long
as not to arrive at the night.

1762
01:43:49,926 --> 01:43:51,646
Sir, the broth is there.

1763
01:43:51,646 --> 01:43:54,246
Your servant still has the fever,
he can't move.

1764
01:43:54,246 --> 01:43:56,286
And you , get up, because
it's the early bird

1765
01:43:56,286 --> 01:43:57,446
that catches the worm.

1766
01:43:57,446 --> 01:43:59,406
You're impertinent.
What time is it?

1767
01:43:59,406 --> 01:44:02,286
After noon , time and the tide
wait for no man.

1768
01:44:02,286 --> 01:44:03,514
Midday already.

1769
01:44:06,326 --> 01:44:08,442
Those who eat survive,
those who fast die.

1770
01:44:14,806 --> 01:44:16,046
Good day.

1771
01:44:16,046 --> 01:44:20,486
He must be a famous doctor at Dventer,
he's all anyone talks about,

1772
01:44:20,486 --> 01:44:22,366
when he goes by, he never looks
anyone in the face

1773
01:44:22,366 --> 01:44:25,086
and the university students
greet him with respect.

1774
01:44:25,086 --> 01:44:28,526
He may be famous as you say,
but there is a proverb that says:

1775
01:44:28,526 --> 01:44:31,726
make a good reputation ,
and sleep soundly,

1776
01:44:31,726 --> 01:44:34,726
he certainly has some unusual
habits, living closed in his room

1777
01:44:34,726 --> 01:44:37,006
which is the dirtiest and most
disorderly one in the entire tavern.

1778
01:44:37,006 --> 01:44:40,396
For me order is bread
and disorder famine.

1779
01:44:44,806 --> 01:44:48,560
Gentlemen, I have the pleasure of
presenting Mr Rene Descartes to you.

1780
01:44:49,286 --> 01:44:50,766
He has come to study among us

1781
01:44:50,766 --> 01:44:54,918
and is a Frenchman who has
honoured us coming to Dventer.

1782
01:44:55,646 --> 01:45:00,726
He has written about
mechanics and geometry

1783
01:45:00,726 --> 01:45:03,957
about astronomy and mathematics

1784
01:45:05,006 --> 01:45:09,318
and has fixed precious rules
for guiding intelligence.

1785
01:45:10,006 --> 01:45:14,921
Mr Descartes abhors the obscurity
of scholastic philosophy,

1786
01:45:15,606 --> 01:45:21,283
as do many of us and on the other
hand, does not like innovators,

1787
01:45:22,246 --> 01:45:27,001
those innovators who want to amaze
the world with sophisticated doctrines,

1788
01:45:28,566 --> 01:45:32,764
because those persons, gentlemen,
maintain that science is like a woman,

1789
01:45:33,286 --> 01:45:39,361
who if left alongside her spouse
is always respected by everyone,

1790
01:45:40,526 --> 01:45:45,042
but if she gives herself to
everyone, she is deprecated.

1791
01:45:45,486 --> 01:45:48,886
And for this reason ,
I invited Mr Descartes

1792
01:45:48,886 --> 01:45:53,198
to present to us what he
intends to write in the treatise,

1793
01:45:53,726 --> 01:45:58,675
he has been working on for a long time
now, and I ask you to listen to him.

1794
01:46:04,606 --> 01:46:08,406
I am thank the illustrious professors
of this university and Mr Reigne

1795
01:46:08,406 --> 01:46:12,718
for inviting me, and I am pleased to
illustrate to you what you want to know.

1796
01:46:13,446 --> 01:46:16,199
I intend to write in my treatise

1797
01:46:17,526 --> 01:46:21,314
everything that may explain
the nature of material things.

1798
01:46:22,686 --> 01:46:25,519
I n order to explain my
thoughts more freely

1799
01:46:26,206 --> 01:46:29,126
without being obliged
to follow or disprove

1800
01:46:29,126 --> 01:46:31,196
the common opinions of the
learned men of our time,

1801
01:46:32,486 --> 01:46:35,966
I have decided to leave aside
the limited images of this world

1802
01:46:35,966 --> 01:46:39,606
in which we live and its
architecture and to talk only

1803
01:46:39,606 --> 01:46:43,526
of what could happen in a new
world that I will conceive

1804
01:46:43,526 --> 01:46:47,599
for my reader in an imaginary space.

1805
01:46:48,966 --> 01:46:53,246
I will lead my reader into
this world by the hand, so far away

1806
01:46:53,246 --> 01:46:56,526
that he loses sight of
everything God created

1807
01:46:56,526 --> 01:46:59,846
at the beginning of the centuries, five
or six thousand years ago or thereabouts.

1808
01:46:59,846 --> 01:47:04,086
We will then finally halt at
a determinate point in space

1809
01:47:04,086 --> 01:47:10,366
and suppose that God creates so
much material around us again

1810
01:47:10,366 --> 01:47:14,246
that our imagination on
whatever side it extends

1811
01:47:14,246 --> 01:47:17,486
absolutely cannot see
one single place,

1812
01:47:17,486 --> 01:47:19,875
any space that has remained empty.

1813
01:47:20,406 --> 01:47:23,206
This material I talk of
has nothing in common

1814
01:47:23,206 --> 01:47:26,482
with the so-called primary
material of philosophers

1815
01:47:26,886 --> 01:47:29,446
which they have so well despoiled
of forms and qualities

1816
01:47:29,446 --> 01:47:33,686
to the point that nothing has remained
of it, but a vague conceptual abstraction,

1817
01:47:33,686 --> 01:47:39,646
very difficult to imagine - and seeing
that we are going to take the liberty

1818
01:47:39,646 --> 01:47:44,436
of designing this material
according to our imagination ,

1819
01:47:44,886 --> 01:47:48,286
we are also going to take the liberty
of attributing a nature to it

1820
01:47:48,286 --> 01:47:53,726
in which there is nothing which
could prevent anyone from knowing

1821
01:47:53,726 --> 01:47:55,398
it as perfectly as possible.

1822
01:47:55,966 --> 01:48:00,166
We shall then suppose that God divides
this material into different parts,

1823
01:48:00,166 --> 01:48:03,966
some larger, others smaller,
some with certain shapes,

1824
01:48:03,966 --> 01:48:07,206
others with different shapes,
just as we care to imagine them,

1825
01:48:07,206 --> 01:48:11,126
but without ever determining
any separation between them

1826
01:48:11,126 --> 01:48:14,046
so as to prevent
a vacuum between them.

1827
01:48:14,046 --> 01:48:17,446
The difference that God will impose
of these pieces of the nature

1828
01:48:17,446 --> 01:48:21,803
will consist in the different
movement he sets on them

1829
01:48:22,446 --> 01:48:25,646
so that right from the
first moment of creation

1830
01:48:25,646 --> 01:48:28,006
they can continue to move

1831
01:48:28,006 --> 01:48:30,839
according to the ordinary
laws of nature.

1832
01:48:31,046 --> 01:48:32,886
What do you mean by nature?

1833
01:48:32,886 --> 01:48:35,846
When I talk of nature,
I do not mean a goddess

1834
01:48:35,846 --> 01:48:38,679
or some other imaginary power,

1835
01:48:39,246 --> 01:48:42,397
I use this word to
indicate matter itself,

1836
01:48:42,926 --> 01:48:45,156
in the form in which
God keeps it

1837
01:48:45,726 --> 01:48:47,326
and in the form in
which he has created it.

1838
01:48:47,326 --> 01:48:50,006
So, when the nature
you've just said,

1839
01:48:50,006 --> 01:48:52,086
suffers changes to its parts,

1840
01:48:52,086 --> 01:48:54,886
you do not believe that this can
be attributed to Divine action?

1841
01:48:54,886 --> 01:48:56,842
Everything depends
on Divine action.

1842
01:48:57,646 --> 01:49:00,726
God has established laws
that are absolutely perfect,

1843
01:49:00,726 --> 01:49:05,086
that even if we want to suppose
that from the beginning

1844
01:49:05,086 --> 01:49:07,446
he created the most
confused chaos that

1845
01:49:07,446 --> 01:49:10,246
all the poets together
could imagine,

1846
01:49:10,246 --> 01:49:14,766
his laws are sufficient to direct
all the parts of this chaos

1847
01:49:14,766 --> 01:49:17,926
in a way that they arrange themselves
harmoniously in an exact order,

1848
01:49:17,926 --> 01:49:21,566
that will take the
form of a perfect world

1849
01:49:21,566 --> 01:49:24,558
in which we can see
not only the light,

1850
01:49:25,246 --> 01:49:28,966
but also everything that exists,
of whatever nature

1851
01:49:28,966 --> 01:49:33,086
and form appearing in this true
world in which we live.

1852
01:49:33,086 --> 01:49:36,406
In your imaginary world, are
there going to be planets, a Sun?

1853
01:49:36,406 --> 01:49:37,361
Certainly.

1854
01:49:37,966 --> 01:49:41,242
And a Moon, an Earth, men.

1855
01:49:43,806 --> 01:49:48,357
Men born and comprised like us,
with a soul and a body.

1856
01:49:48,886 --> 01:49:52,765
I will now separately describe
the body of these men first,

1857
01:49:53,566 --> 01:49:56,446
and then I will describe the soul ,
and finally I will demonstrate

1858
01:49:56,446 --> 01:50:01,206
how these two natures
must be joined together

1859
01:50:01,206 --> 01:50:04,526
to be able to give life
to men identical to us.

1860
01:50:04,526 --> 01:50:08,686
I will suppose that the body
is nothing but a statue,

1861
01:50:08,686 --> 01:50:11,598
an amount of earth
that God forms expressly

1862
01:50:12,166 --> 01:50:16,557
making it look like and according
to the pattern of our body.

1863
01:50:17,246 --> 01:50:20,006
And finally I will explain
that when God places

1864
01:50:20,006 --> 01:50:21,917
the thinking soul
inside this machine

1865
01:50:22,206 --> 01:50:24,846
the soul will have its
main location in the brain,

1866
01:50:24,846 --> 01:50:28,406
from where to direct
all of man's movements.

1867
01:50:28,406 --> 01:50:31,446
This, gentlemen, will be
my story of the world.

1868
01:50:31,446 --> 01:50:33,526
One written , which
Like all stories,

1869
01:50:33,526 --> 01:50:35,406
will - I hope -

1870
01:50:35,406 --> 01:50:39,285
be useful because it will
permit a better understanding

1871
01:50:40,206 --> 01:50:42,515
of the world we live in.

1872
01:50:44,526 --> 01:50:48,286
I had warned you gentlemen,
that this man is the only Archimedes

1873
01:50:48,286 --> 01:50:50,966
of our century, is the
Atlas of the universe

1874
01:50:50,966 --> 01:50:54,166
is a confidant of
nature and will answer

1875
01:50:54,166 --> 01:50:56,966
all the questions and queries
you want to put to him,

1876
01:50:56,966 --> 01:51:00,566
about the secrets and
the order of nature

1877
01:51:00,566 --> 01:51:03,166
in a wonderful and
amazing manner.

1878
01:51:03,166 --> 01:51:05,760
How long can you stay
here with us sir?

1879
01:51:07,126 --> 01:51:11,881
Until this evening and I will have
time to answer all your questions.

1880
01:51:15,566 --> 01:51:17,477
Goodbye. Good night.

1881
01:51:28,966 --> 01:51:30,766
Ah you've finally come back,

1882
01:51:30,766 --> 01:51:33,599
he's been calling your
name all day, the fever burns.

1883
01:51:34,366 --> 01:51:37,085
I'm very poorly,
help me if you can.

1884
01:51:40,846 --> 01:51:43,686
Boil up a potion for him
with a glass of wine,

1885
01:51:43,686 --> 01:51:47,046
a few grapes from Damascus,
two grains of isoffo,

1886
01:51:47,046 --> 01:51:50,126
ten of fennel and of aniseed, until
the liquid reduces by one third,

1887
01:51:50,126 --> 01:51:53,086
this is for the cough, the
fever will disappear by itself.

1888
01:51:53,086 --> 01:51:55,759
Those three gentlemen are
waiting for you, they're French.

1889
01:52:00,806 --> 01:52:02,603
I'll talk with them now.

1890
01:52:02,966 --> 01:52:06,402
Poor Bretaigne, what'll I do
without him, stay close to him.

1891
01:52:09,326 --> 01:52:11,126
I'm Descartes, did you want me?

1892
01:52:11,126 --> 01:52:15,086
I'm a dealer in valuable furs sir,
I'm called Antoine Poquet,

1893
01:52:15,086 --> 01:52:18,206
Father Mersenne asked me
to call on you to collect

1894
01:52:18,206 --> 01:52:20,606
your new treatise that
you had promised him to...

1895
01:52:20,606 --> 01:52:24,315
I haven't finished it sir,
tell Father Mersenne...

1896
01:52:26,446 --> 01:52:29,806
Tell Father Mersenne that I'm working
day and night on the new text,

1897
01:52:29,806 --> 01:52:35,166
and that on a coming occasion, before
Christmas I hope, I'll send it to him.

1898
01:52:35,166 --> 01:52:36,565
Good bye Gentlemen

1899
01:52:55,766 --> 01:52:56,755
Oh good God!

1900
01:53:15,646 --> 01:53:19,486
Oh, no. Do you already
want me to get up?

1901
01:53:19,486 --> 01:53:21,566
The hours of the morning
are worth gold.

1902
01:53:21,566 --> 01:53:23,126
It's frightening.

1903
01:53:23,126 --> 01:53:25,126
I don't understand what are you looking
for in the innards of animals?

1904
01:53:25,126 --> 01:53:27,286
You do know that making
magic is forbidden?

1905
01:53:27,286 --> 01:53:28,366
It's a mortal sin.

1906
01:53:28,366 --> 01:53:30,526
I'm not making magic, don't worry.

1907
01:53:30,526 --> 01:53:31,726
What then?

1908
01:53:31,726 --> 01:53:35,480
You're always doing strange things, but
remember that one sin attracts another.

1909
01:53:36,286 --> 01:53:38,286
Really, why did you take
me into your service,

1910
01:53:38,286 --> 01:53:40,366
to drive me crazy with your mess?

1911
01:53:40,366 --> 01:53:42,197
I've never seen you so angry.

1912
01:53:42,726 --> 01:53:44,717
Turn round, I want to get up.

1913
01:53:45,326 --> 01:53:48,006
When pushed to the extreme,
patience becomes fury.

1914
01:53:48,006 --> 01:53:51,566
This house is too small for you - you
look like a crane in a pigeon loft,

1915
01:53:51,566 --> 01:53:54,606
you've filled everywhere with a thousand
pieces of paper and strange instruments,

1916
01:53:54,606 --> 01:53:56,926
a man of your standing
and in your condition

1917
01:53:56,926 --> 01:54:00,206
who lives like the lowest tramp,
nobility can be little appreciated

1918
01:54:00,206 --> 01:54:01,446
without refinement.

1919
01:54:01,446 --> 01:54:03,766
You complain of what
poor Bretaigne did.

1920
01:54:03,766 --> 01:54:06,806
Any way it's useless, he who talks
sows and he who listens reaps.

1921
01:54:06,806 --> 01:54:07,966
Should reap.

1922
01:54:07,966 --> 01:54:10,326
I'm sorry that Bretaigne is dead,
not to have him with me any more.

1923
01:54:10,326 --> 01:54:12,526
A stroke of the tongue is
worse than a blow from a lance.

1924
01:54:12,526 --> 01:54:16,206
Bretaigne never got
so angry as you do,

1925
01:54:16,206 --> 01:54:18,366
but you are certainly prettier...

1926
01:54:18,366 --> 01:54:22,286
I'm not angry at all, the moon
never worries about a barking dog,

1927
01:54:22,286 --> 01:54:24,606
but Bretaigne was right
to grumble at you

1928
01:54:24,606 --> 01:54:29,006
because in the end, talking about
your troubles is already consolation.

1929
01:54:29,006 --> 01:54:30,366
Are you philosophising?

1930
01:54:30,366 --> 01:54:32,966
Philosophy?
What is philosophy?

1931
01:54:32,966 --> 01:54:35,686
I am a philosopher, I love wisdom.

1932
01:54:35,686 --> 01:54:38,686
You? You are mad, I 'm wise.

1933
01:54:38,686 --> 01:54:39,726
Maybe.

1934
01:54:39,726 --> 01:54:43,286
We need a larger house,
you're right there, Elena.

1935
01:54:43,286 --> 01:54:48,838
In that way you won't be troubled when
I dedicate myself to certain works.

1936
01:54:49,406 --> 01:54:51,566
Good save our poor hens, when a sly
old fox starts giving moral lessons.

1937
01:54:51,566 --> 01:54:55,326
No Elena, I'm talking seriously,
we'll live at Amsterdam.

1938
01:54:55,326 --> 01:54:58,846
Once you've given your word,
you can't take it back. Remember,

1939
01:54:58,846 --> 01:55:00,126
that he who promises
has an obligation.

1940
01:55:00,126 --> 01:55:04,165
The wisest man yields.
Do you forgive me?

1941
01:55:06,166 --> 01:55:09,606
Admiral Potterbacker
and general Van Eyck,

1942
01:55:09,606 --> 01:55:11,966
two tulips that today are worth

1943
01:55:11,966 --> 01:55:14,206
four-thousand-four-hundred
Florins each.

1944
01:55:14,206 --> 01:55:15,126
Really?

1945
01:55:15,126 --> 01:55:19,046
My lady succeeded in procuring an
extremely precious bulb for herself,

1946
01:55:19,046 --> 01:55:23,126
its the ''Semper augustus'' - she paid
five-thousand-five-hundred Florins

1947
01:55:23,126 --> 01:55:25,206
but it's the most beautiful
tulip in the world,

1948
01:55:25,206 --> 01:55:28,994
she could re-sell it immediately for
six thousand Florins or even more.

1949
01:55:29,846 --> 01:55:32,519
Your Lady is rich and those
who have money, have courage.

1950
01:55:32,726 --> 01:55:34,366
Have you ever seen it bloom?

1951
01:55:34,366 --> 01:55:38,486
No, not yet, but in my
Lady's colour album,

1952
01:55:38,486 --> 01:55:41,284
it's painted so well
that it seems real.

1953
01:55:42,206 --> 01:55:47,206
The flower-cup is a beautiful pure white,
slightly tinged with blue at the base,

1954
01:55:47,206 --> 01:55:51,806
with a strip of flame red that
runs along each petal, a wonder.

1955
01:55:51,806 --> 01:55:55,086
I could never buy such patterns,
they're too expensive for me.

1956
01:55:55,086 --> 01:55:58,046
If you hadn't shown them to me,
I would know very little about tulips.

1957
01:55:58,046 --> 01:56:01,366
I'm telling you , even though
I know it's completely useless,

1958
01:56:01,366 --> 01:56:03,086
that you don't want
to risk even one Florin.

1959
01:56:03,086 --> 01:56:05,122
People with nothing like
me cannot take risks.

1960
01:56:06,166 --> 01:56:08,521
You're losing a fortune
by being too prudent.

1961
01:56:09,086 --> 01:56:12,366
Our farrier, Jacob Darik,
remember him,

1962
01:56:12,366 --> 01:56:16,926
went up to his knees in debt
to buy the general of generals.

1963
01:56:16,926 --> 01:56:20,446
If he did so, that means he's sure
of good earnings, isn't that right?

1964
01:56:20,446 --> 01:56:24,486
And Mr Gut has sold his
house for five rare bulbs

1965
01:56:24,486 --> 01:56:26,078
and he is someone who
understands good deals.

1966
01:56:26,766 --> 01:56:28,566
Yes, but I'm a housewife.

1967
01:56:28,566 --> 01:56:31,406
And you know now, don't you,
that painter Jan Van Goyen,

1968
01:56:31,406 --> 01:56:33,926
has himself paid in
bulbs for his pictures

1969
01:56:33,926 --> 01:56:34,926
rather than in Florins?

1970
01:56:34,926 --> 01:56:36,606
My grandfather told me
that his father,

1971
01:56:36,606 --> 01:56:39,606
just like everyone else at the time
paid for purchases with herrings,

1972
01:56:39,606 --> 01:56:42,126
that really was a safe currency,
because it fed people,

1973
01:56:42,126 --> 01:56:44,606
but this mania for tulips
is really silly.

1974
01:56:44,606 --> 01:56:46,526
Oh, you are silly.

1975
01:56:46,526 --> 01:56:50,286
Everyone speculates in them, especially the
great gentlemen who know what they're doing.

1976
01:56:50,286 --> 01:56:53,835
In fact, it's the king of France
who makes the largest requests.

1977
01:56:54,726 --> 01:56:56,846
Oh, may God forgive me, I 'm late,

1978
01:56:56,846 --> 01:56:57,961
I've got to run away.

1979
01:56:58,646 --> 01:56:59,846
Thank you dear.

1980
01:56:59,846 --> 01:57:03,606
Oh listen up a little, how much
could my red-yellow be worth today.

1981
01:57:03,606 --> 01:57:06,837
Be happy, a lot, no less than
two-thousand-five-hundred Florins.

1982
01:57:19,006 --> 01:57:20,366
I'll go and open.

1983
01:57:20,366 --> 01:57:23,085
No, you've got dirty hands,
I'll go and open.

1984
01:57:25,126 --> 01:57:28,446
It's true that you can't
eat tulips, but their beauty

1985
01:57:28,446 --> 01:57:29,674
is very valuable today.

1986
01:57:30,486 --> 01:57:33,125
We all know that a good plumage
makes a beautiful bird.

1987
01:57:40,686 --> 01:57:42,166
Who do you desire?

1988
01:57:42,166 --> 01:57:45,406
I'm Janmaire, the printer,
Mr Descartes had me called.

1989
01:57:45,406 --> 01:57:46,441
Come in.

1990
01:57:55,806 --> 01:57:58,326
Your clothes have an
unbearable odour.

1991
01:57:58,326 --> 01:58:01,566
They are the odours of my craft,
aniline and the lead of the inks,

1992
01:58:01,566 --> 01:58:03,766
I'm very sorry, do you feel ill?

1993
01:58:03,766 --> 01:58:05,119
It's nothing.

1994
01:58:07,926 --> 01:58:09,405
Wait a minute.

1995
01:58:11,286 --> 01:58:12,926
- The printer.
- Let him enter.

1996
01:58:12,926 --> 01:58:13,756
Come in.

1997
01:58:15,886 --> 01:58:18,526
Hello sir, I've come
to give you my reply,

1998
01:58:18,526 --> 01:58:20,756
I agree, I will print
your treatise.

1999
01:58:21,886 --> 01:58:25,435
I thank you, I hope to finish
it in the next few days.

2000
01:58:26,926 --> 01:58:28,926
- Elena!
- It's your odour, excuse me.

2001
01:58:28,926 --> 01:58:30,606
We need a little vinegar
to get her back on her feet.

2002
01:58:30,606 --> 01:58:32,358
It's easier to advise than to act.

2003
01:58:33,046 --> 01:58:34,446
Jan, Jan.

2004
01:58:34,446 --> 01:58:36,118
- Sir.
- Go and call Dr Plempius.

2005
01:58:36,326 --> 01:58:37,441
- Run.
- Ok.

2006
01:58:48,486 --> 01:58:50,406
- I have examined the patient.
- What did you find?

2007
01:58:50,406 --> 01:58:52,726
The patient is well , very well I'd say.

2008
01:58:52,726 --> 01:58:54,646
And so? How do you
explain the fainting?

2009
01:58:54,646 --> 01:58:57,526
I don't know if you will
judge the news to be good or bad,

2010
01:58:57,526 --> 01:58:59,806
but the patient has no illness.

2011
01:58:59,806 --> 01:59:00,766
I don't understand.

2012
01:59:00,766 --> 01:59:01,926
She's expecting a child.

2013
01:59:01,926 --> 01:59:03,803
- A child?
- Yes, a child.

2014
01:59:14,606 --> 01:59:15,482
Elena.

2015
01:59:16,566 --> 01:59:17,999
You shouldn't be ashamed.

2016
01:59:19,406 --> 01:59:22,079
This is the most beautiful
present you could've given me.

2017
01:59:23,766 --> 01:59:24,994
Don't be afraid.

2018
01:59:25,686 --> 01:59:27,199
I'll never abandon you.

2019
01:59:27,726 --> 01:59:30,246
After the damage the
madman recovers his wits.

2020
01:59:30,246 --> 01:59:31,486
Rest.

2021
01:59:31,486 --> 01:59:32,686
Thank you.

2022
01:59:32,686 --> 01:59:34,802
Tranquility is born of sleep.

2023
01:59:56,806 --> 01:59:58,478
Come, come into my study.

2024
01:59:59,206 --> 02:00:01,926
I thank you for hurrying
straightaway doctor,

2025
02:00:01,926 --> 02:00:07,284
and above all for telling me the
good news that I'll be a father.

2026
02:00:09,686 --> 02:00:11,836
Jan, some wine.

2027
02:00:12,646 --> 02:00:15,797
A child, my good doctor,
merits a good glass of wine.

2028
02:00:16,406 --> 02:00:17,759
Do me this honour.

2029
02:00:22,606 --> 02:00:24,517
- Do you acknowledge the child?
- Certainly.

2030
02:00:25,206 --> 02:00:28,166
Even though I would like the thing
to remain a secret, for the moment.

2031
02:00:28,166 --> 02:00:32,046
Not because of shame, but
only because, as you know,

2032
02:00:32,046 --> 02:00:34,799
I fear everything that may
disturb my tranquility.

2033
02:00:35,646 --> 02:00:37,238
Will you keep the
mother with you?

2034
02:00:39,046 --> 02:00:42,206
I'll write to my friend Reigne
at Dventer and I'll ask him

2035
02:00:42,206 --> 02:00:43,525
to find a discreet refuge,

2036
02:00:44,046 --> 02:00:47,246
so that Elena can wait all the
months necessary, in peace.

2037
02:00:47,246 --> 02:00:50,806
If you need any care during
these days, I'll be available.

2038
02:00:50,806 --> 02:00:52,797
I would only trust you.

2039
02:00:53,406 --> 02:00:57,526
I admire your ability as a doctor
very much, even if I confess

2040
02:00:57,526 --> 02:01:00,166
I don't share your
criticisms of Dr Harvey.

2041
02:01:00,166 --> 02:01:03,715
Why can't Dr Harvey be wrong?

2042
02:01:04,646 --> 02:01:08,686
Excuse me, but I really can't
understand that with your knowledge

2043
02:01:08,686 --> 02:01:11,326
of human physiology,
he has not convinced you

2044
02:01:11,326 --> 02:01:13,521
of the evidence of his doctrine.

2045
02:01:16,406 --> 02:01:19,286
Blood circulation
driven by pulses

2046
02:01:19,286 --> 02:01:21,286
would lead to suppose
that for every pulsation

2047
02:01:21,286 --> 02:01:23,197
the heart receives a drop of blood,

2048
02:01:23,846 --> 02:01:28,246
but considering that there are around
two thousand pulses every hour,

2049
02:01:28,246 --> 02:01:31,246
in such a short period of time,
a certainly incredible quantity of blood,

2050
02:01:31,246 --> 02:01:33,886
goes though the heart in this way.

2051
02:01:33,886 --> 02:01:36,486
The difficulty is truly insurmountable,

2052
02:01:36,486 --> 02:01:40,320
even though I have to admit that
Harvey's hypothesis is interesting.

2053
02:01:41,206 --> 02:01:44,646
We'll discuss it again , however
if the doctrine divides us,

2054
02:01:44,646 --> 02:01:46,204
friendship unites us.

2055
02:01:47,646 --> 02:01:49,159
- Cheers.
- Cheers.

2056
02:01:52,646 --> 02:01:54,079
Mr Descartes.

2057
02:01:59,486 --> 02:02:00,714
Dear Descartes.

2058
02:02:01,246 --> 02:02:02,679
Illustrious friend.

2059
02:02:03,166 --> 02:02:05,366
I've come to return the
treatise of Golius to you.

2060
02:02:05,366 --> 02:02:07,006
I'm always pleased to see you ,

2061
02:02:07,006 --> 02:02:10,282
you could have sent it with you servant,
without disturbing yourself.

2062
02:02:11,046 --> 02:02:14,004
Walking by the streets of your
country always pleases me.

2063
02:02:14,766 --> 02:02:17,086
You only meet people intent
on their own work.

2064
02:02:17,086 --> 02:02:20,326
as if they were executing the most
serious of duties in the presence of God.

2065
02:02:20,326 --> 02:02:21,964
Even the really rich,

2066
02:02:22,526 --> 02:02:25,836
who could live on income,
often work all the same.

2067
02:02:27,246 --> 02:02:31,086
The Spanish, Italian and French
nobles of the thirteenth century,

2068
02:02:31,086 --> 02:02:34,326
just three hundred years ago,
were captains, land owners,

2069
02:02:34,326 --> 02:02:37,286
administrators and sometimes
men of letters at the same time.

2070
02:02:37,286 --> 02:02:39,846
In effect, they didn't know how
to do any of these things well,

2071
02:02:39,846 --> 02:02:43,446
and if they lived on income it's
above all because they enjoyed

2072
02:02:43,446 --> 02:02:47,286
the work performed by the others,
by the peasants, the craftsmen

2073
02:02:47,286 --> 02:02:51,326
the only ones at the time faithful
to a profession out of need.

2074
02:02:51,326 --> 02:02:52,886
A century ago, the humanists.

2075
02:02:52,886 --> 02:02:56,326
knowledgeable in the tongues of the
ancients, claimed to talk of everything,

2076
02:02:56,326 --> 02:02:58,766
from astronomy to architecture
and to medicine,

2077
02:02:58,766 --> 02:03:00,846
not to mention then the
scholastic philosophers,

2078
02:03:00,846 --> 02:03:03,326
ready to resolve any
scientific problem,

2079
02:03:03,326 --> 02:03:06,086
with the principles of Aristotle,
with the only

2080
02:03:06,086 --> 02:03:08,316
effect of exciting
man's presumption.

2081
02:03:09,086 --> 02:03:11,406
Our people are far removed
from all that.

2082
02:03:11,406 --> 02:03:14,966
Their book is the bible,
their master is Calvin.

2083
02:03:14,966 --> 02:03:17,526
- Listen.
- Calvin's heresy is unacceptable.

2084
02:03:17,526 --> 02:03:19,886
Listen to what he wrote
one hundred years ago,

2085
02:03:19,886 --> 02:03:23,242
even if you believe him to be a heretic,
and I assure you that you'll understand.

2086
02:03:24,846 --> 02:03:27,526
<i>God commands everyone to
follow his own vocation</i>

2087
02:03:27,526 --> 02:03:29,166
<i>though life's work.</i>

2088
02:03:29,166 --> 02:03:32,206
<i>But unfortunately, man, because
his nature burns with restlessness</i>

2089
02:03:32,206 --> 02:03:35,486
<i>and often because of irresponsibility,
ambition and greed</i>

2090
02:03:35,486 --> 02:03:37,886
<i>is led to lose
his vocation</i>

2091
02:03:37,886 --> 02:03:40,116
<i>and to embrace different
works that confuse him</i>

2092
02:03:40,486 --> 02:03:42,954
<i>and the madness of the world
is born in this way.</i>

2093
02:03:43,806 --> 02:03:47,526
<i>Out of a fear that our rashness
may drag us far from him</i>

2094
02:03:47,526 --> 02:03:50,766
<i>God permitted the collapse,
the end of states,</i>

2095
02:03:50,766 --> 02:03:53,086
<i>of the customs, of the eras
in past history,</i>

2096
02:03:53,086 --> 02:03:56,366
<i>and so that man does not get lost
completely he has established</i>

2097
02:03:56,366 --> 02:03:58,482
<i>what everyone one must do
for each of us.</i>

2098
02:03:59,206 --> 02:04:02,886
<i>Without even going
to far beyond his own limits,</i>

2099
02:04:02,886 --> 02:04:05,606
<i>every man should live
his own vocation</i>

2100
02:04:05,606 --> 02:04:06,886
<i>obedient to his nature,</i>

2101
02:04:06,886 --> 02:04:09,766
<i>remembering that he lives
in the misery of sin</i>

2102
02:04:09,766 --> 02:04:13,361
<i>and that he can do nothing,
without the aid of God.</i>

2103
02:04:13,846 --> 02:04:17,526
It's true, they are wise words.

2104
02:04:17,526 --> 02:04:19,005
They educated a people.

2105
02:04:19,766 --> 02:04:22,678
I too follow my vocation faithfully.

2106
02:04:23,246 --> 02:04:27,566
But you burn with restlessness and
you have a greed for knowledge,

2107
02:04:27,566 --> 02:04:30,046
that will lead you to embrace
different works together.

2108
02:04:30,046 --> 02:04:32,606
There is absolutely no
straying in my work.

2109
02:04:33,446 --> 02:04:37,246
All the parts of my new book
that seem to deal with

2110
02:04:37,246 --> 02:04:41,762
different subjects are on the
contrary tied together.

2111
02:04:42,686 --> 02:04:46,766
All philosophy is like a tree
the roots of which

2112
02:04:46,766 --> 02:04:51,286
are metaphysics, the trunk
is physics and the branches

2113
02:04:51,286 --> 02:04:55,206
all the other sciences that are
reduced to three main principles,

2114
02:04:55,206 --> 02:04:59,119
or better, medicine,
mechanics and moral philosophy,

2115
02:04:59,886 --> 02:05:02,798
I mean the highest and most
perfect moral philosophy

2116
02:05:03,726 --> 02:05:07,886
which presupposes a perfect
knowledge of the other sciences,

2117
02:05:07,886 --> 02:05:10,446
and the highest degree of wisdom.

2118
02:05:11,926 --> 02:05:13,359
When are you going to publish it?

2119
02:05:13,966 --> 02:05:15,479
Before Christmas.

2120
02:05:17,446 --> 02:05:22,686
You have an acute and clear mind,
but I don't know how you'll fair

2121
02:05:22,686 --> 02:05:27,316
with the authorities of the Roman Church,
if by bad luck they investigate you.

2122
02:05:27,846 --> 02:05:30,918
Your doctrines are a curious mixture.

2123
02:05:31,486 --> 02:05:34,159
I don't see why the Roman
Church should investigate me,

2124
02:05:34,766 --> 02:05:37,883
what I write never invades
the theological field.

2125
02:05:38,446 --> 02:05:40,886
Perhaps Galileo Galilei
thought in the same way,

2126
02:05:40,886 --> 02:05:43,275
but he was mistaken ,
more or less on this point.

2127
02:05:43,926 --> 02:05:47,846
I'm sure that your treatise will
not fail to attract the curiosity

2128
02:05:47,846 --> 02:05:51,246
of the Roman theologians,
but you have nothing to fear.

2129
02:05:51,246 --> 02:05:53,714
Here, you are far from Rome.

2130
02:05:54,206 --> 02:05:55,719
The first three chapters.

2131
02:05:56,246 --> 02:05:58,006
I still have to make
a few corrections.

2132
02:05:58,006 --> 02:06:01,926
I'll be the most important work of
the century, equal to those of Bacon,

2133
02:06:01,926 --> 02:06:03,846
Copernicus or Galileo.

2134
02:06:03,846 --> 02:06:06,926
It'll be a work different to theirs
because many of my hypotheses

2135
02:06:06,926 --> 02:06:09,366
are completely new,
above all concerning

2136
02:06:09,366 --> 02:06:10,606
the structure of the universe.

2137
02:06:10,606 --> 02:06:13,166
Are you going to say anything
about the movement of the skies?

2138
02:06:13,166 --> 02:06:14,679
I don't know yet.

2139
02:06:15,326 --> 02:06:19,160
I do however have an original
hypothesis also on this subject.

2140
02:06:19,886 --> 02:06:22,966
The ancients always
believed the earth

2141
02:06:22,966 --> 02:06:26,886
to be at the centre of the universe,
Tolomeo taught this hypothesis,

2142
02:06:26,886 --> 02:06:30,196
but it was proved false
after the observations

2143
02:06:30,966 --> 02:06:34,038
made in recent centuries
by the astronomers.

2144
02:06:36,246 --> 02:06:38,316
Then Copernicus made an
interesting hypothesis.

2145
02:06:38,966 --> 02:06:43,517
According to him, the Earth with
its planets, rotate around the Sun.

2146
02:06:45,046 --> 02:06:48,595
The third of the hypotheses
is by the Dutchman Brahe,

2147
02:06:49,326 --> 02:06:51,446
according to which around
the immobile Earth,

2148
02:06:51,446 --> 02:06:54,846
the Moon and the Sun rotate and the

2149
02:06:54,846 --> 02:06:57,566
planets and comets
rotate around the sun.

2150
02:06:57,566 --> 02:07:00,846
I shall promote my hypothesis
of the movement of the Earth

2151
02:07:00,846 --> 02:07:04,919
with more shrewdness than Copernicus
and with greater truth than Brahe.

2152
02:07:05,566 --> 02:07:08,486
I shall explain that the
matter of the skies is fluid,

2153
02:07:08,486 --> 02:07:12,195
just like that comprising
the Sun and the fixed stars,

2154
02:07:12,806 --> 02:07:17,482
that when the skies move, they transport
all the bodies they contain with them.

2155
02:07:18,326 --> 02:07:21,406
The Earth is therefore
surrounded like this on all sides,

2156
02:07:21,406 --> 02:07:26,526
by an extremely fluid sky in which it
rests without any propensity to move,

2157
02:07:26,526 --> 02:07:32,006
it is carried in its sky like a
vessel moved by the tides

2158
02:07:32,006 --> 02:07:36,486
of the seas, and because
the other planets

2159
02:07:36,486 --> 02:07:39,876
are similar to the earth,
we have reason to believe

2160
02:07:40,526 --> 02:07:42,915
that they also remain at rest

2161
02:07:43,526 --> 02:07:45,926
in the skies that contain them.

2162
02:07:45,926 --> 02:07:48,599
When will you give me the
definitive manuscript?

2163
02:07:49,326 --> 02:07:52,045
Very soon I hope,
I'm working day and night.

2164
02:08:11,326 --> 02:08:13,203
The wind is piercing today.

2165
02:08:14,606 --> 02:08:16,526
What good things are you preparing?

2166
02:08:16,526 --> 02:08:17,886
Sprouts and pork.

2167
02:08:17,886 --> 02:08:20,446
Ah, good, do you like them?

2168
02:08:20,446 --> 02:08:22,960
Yes, but ''rich cooking,
poor testament''.

2169
02:08:23,846 --> 02:08:27,126
Dr. Ogelham, I'm always
grateful for the hospitality,

2170
02:08:27,126 --> 02:08:29,766
but I would be even more grateful
if you would read me this letter

2171
02:08:29,766 --> 02:08:32,405
written to me by Mr Descartes,
I cannot read.

2172
02:08:33,006 --> 02:08:35,606
As you know, seeing and not understanding
is like returning from hunting

2173
02:08:35,606 --> 02:08:36,721
with the meat bag empty.

2174
02:08:44,006 --> 02:08:48,726
<i>Dear Elena, I congratulate you on
the good health you are enjoying,</i>

2175
02:08:48,726 --> 02:08:51,966
<i>I pray to God that it'll remain
with you until the end of your wait,</i>

2176
02:08:51,966 --> 02:08:56,966
<i>as for me, I'm thirty now, and
thanks to God have no illness,</i>

2177
02:08:56,966 --> 02:08:59,646
<i>and I seem now to be
further away from death</i>

2178
02:08:59,646 --> 02:09:01,646
<i>than I was in
my youth.</i>

2179
02:09:01,646 --> 02:09:05,566
<i>You will be pleased to know that during
these days I have concerned myself</i>

2180
02:09:05,566 --> 02:09:09,726
<i>with obtaining a pardon for the life
of Joakin from the judges of this city,</i>

2181
02:09:09,726 --> 02:09:12,877
<i>the peasant who was unjustly
accused of homicide.</i>

2182
02:09:13,446 --> 02:09:17,766
<i>I'm doing it to do a good deed,
above all for his family.</i>

2183
02:09:17,766 --> 02:09:20,485
A good conscience is a good pillow.

2184
02:09:22,686 --> 02:09:25,886
<i>Among the teachings of Christ
we should, above all practice</i>

2185
02:09:25,886 --> 02:09:28,966
<i>the rule of love
which is the only sentiment</i>

2186
02:09:28,966 --> 02:09:31,719
<i>that can make man's journey
happy on this earth.</i>

2187
02:09:32,446 --> 02:09:37,646
<i>I fear that I will not be able to come and
visit you this month as I promised you</i>

2188
02:09:37,646 --> 02:09:40,114
<i>but be certain that
I'm not forgetting you.</i>

2189
02:09:40,806 --> 02:09:42,956
Words fly
and children remain.

2190
02:09:44,926 --> 02:09:46,325
Do you want me to carry on?

2191
02:09:47,446 --> 02:09:48,401
Yes.

2192
02:09:48,966 --> 02:09:52,806
<i>Let me have your news
through Dr.Ogelham's courier,</i>

2193
02:09:52,806 --> 02:09:56,082
<i>who you shall thank on my behalf
for the hospitality he's giving you.</i>

2194
02:09:56,726 --> 02:09:57,954
<i>Rene Descartes.</i>

2195
02:09:58,486 --> 02:10:00,646
Who promises a lot and keeps
his word a little.

2196
02:10:00,646 --> 02:10:01,681
Thank you Doctor.

2197
02:10:06,726 --> 02:10:07,686
When did it arrive?

2198
02:10:07,686 --> 02:10:09,119
This morning , sir.

2199
02:10:10,246 --> 02:10:11,440
It's Father Mersenne.

2200
02:10:11,926 --> 02:10:13,041
Jan, clothes.

2201
02:10:16,166 --> 02:10:17,121
I will publish everything.

2202
02:10:17,686 --> 02:10:19,606
I cannot renounce printing a treatise

2203
02:10:19,606 --> 02:10:21,039
I've worked on for so many years.

2204
02:10:23,366 --> 02:10:29,965
Any way, it was almost finished,
I only had to correct and copy it,

2205
02:10:30,606 --> 02:10:36,044
but if Galileo, an Italian, esteemed
by the Pope has been condemned,

2206
02:10:37,606 --> 02:10:39,722
I no longer feel like continuing.

2207
02:10:40,406 --> 02:10:43,603
But perhaps you exaggerate,
you could publish it later.

2208
02:10:44,286 --> 02:10:48,757
In his letter, Father Mersenne was
very clear and I think he is right.

2209
02:10:49,566 --> 02:10:51,886
But Holland is so far from Rome.

2210
02:10:51,886 --> 02:10:55,886
I have already said that I do not
want to run the risk of contradicting,

2211
02:10:55,886 --> 02:10:57,239
or worrying the Church.

2212
02:10:58,126 --> 02:11:00,196
I'm almost tempted to
burn all my papers.

2213
02:11:01,086 --> 02:11:03,441
I certainly will not show it to anyone.

2214
02:11:04,846 --> 02:11:09,646
All my work is so much connected with
the hypothesis of the motion of the skies,

2215
02:11:09,646 --> 02:11:13,685
that it is impossible to correct it,
even if I wanted to.

2216
02:11:14,526 --> 02:11:16,766
If that's how it is,
I can't say you're wrong.

2217
02:11:16,766 --> 02:11:18,119
Wait.

2218
02:11:19,526 --> 02:11:23,599
Here, listen to what a disciple
of our Galileo writes to me.

2219
02:11:25,726 --> 02:11:28,206
<i>After a long and
infinite insulting trial,</i>

2220
02:11:28,206 --> 02:11:31,006
<i>he has been relegated
to the city of Siena</i>

2221
02:11:31,006 --> 02:11:33,884
<i>from which he cannot wander
without permission.</i>

2222
02:11:34,766 --> 02:11:38,686
<i>His writings have all been
outlawed because he held</i>

2223
02:11:38,686 --> 02:11:42,486
<i>the false doctrine taught by a few as true,
that the sun is at the centre of the world</i>

2224
02:11:42,486 --> 02:11:44,926
<i>immobile and that the Earth
moves with endless motion</i>

2225
02:11:44,926 --> 02:11:47,926
<i>and also for having taught
the same doctrine</i>

2226
02:11:47,926 --> 02:11:51,282
<i>and for diffusing it
with letters and writings.</i>

2227
02:11:52,926 --> 02:11:56,123
After all , I never
desired to write books.

2228
02:11:56,726 --> 02:12:00,275
If I hadn't given in to the insistence of a few
friends of mine, I would never have written.

2229
02:12:01,886 --> 02:12:06,437
I'm not looking for spiritual
peace and tranquility.

2230
02:12:07,286 --> 02:12:10,166
There are already so many
opinions in philosophy,

2231
02:12:10,166 --> 02:12:14,000
apparently solid, that can
be debated in disputes

2232
02:12:14,526 --> 02:12:18,360
and if mine are not much
more solid than these,

2233
02:12:19,086 --> 02:12:21,236
and cannot be approved
without controversy,

2234
02:12:22,046 --> 02:12:24,002
I will never accept
to publish them.

2235
02:12:24,726 --> 02:12:26,557
You're a little too prudent.

2236
02:12:27,206 --> 02:12:30,004
Did you know that in France, there
were people who defended Galileo?

2237
02:12:31,326 --> 02:12:34,523
I know. Even that good brother
Mersenne is among these defenders,

2238
02:12:35,246 --> 02:12:37,714
but he too recommended
me to be prudent.

2239
02:12:39,046 --> 02:12:42,322
I however, will never
do what I must not do.

2240
02:12:43,286 --> 02:12:47,757
It's necessary to placate
one's own excitation , desire.

2241
02:12:49,446 --> 02:12:54,839
I'll wait, because what
seems impossible today,

2242
02:12:55,966 --> 02:12:59,720
may be possible tomorrow.

2243
02:13:03,446 --> 02:13:08,236
Francine, I baptise you in
the name of the Father,

2244
02:13:09,006 --> 02:13:12,206
the Son and the
Holy Spirit.

2245
02:13:12,206 --> 02:13:13,958
Amen.

2246
02:13:20,926 --> 02:13:22,439
The Father.

2247
02:13:26,086 --> 02:13:27,314
The witnesses.

2248
02:13:34,526 --> 02:13:36,801
Can I come back and
live with you now?

2249
02:13:37,206 --> 02:13:39,246
Not yet, Elena, not yet.

2250
02:13:39,246 --> 02:13:40,964
So you don't want us.

2251
02:13:41,446 --> 02:13:43,966
Don't say that,
the girl is very beautiful.

2252
02:13:43,966 --> 02:13:47,038
I'll write to you ,
I'll never abandon you.

2253
02:13:50,646 --> 02:13:52,726
Are you certain he has left Amsterdam?

2254
02:13:52,726 --> 02:13:54,526
His servant advised me that
he would have arrived here

2255
02:13:54,526 --> 02:13:55,846
at Utrecht during the day.

2256
02:13:55,846 --> 02:13:57,446
Mr Descartes, has arrived.

2257
02:13:57,446 --> 02:13:59,406
Oh , here he is, let him enter.

2258
02:13:59,406 --> 02:14:01,326
Mr Rene Descartes has arrived.

2259
02:14:01,326 --> 02:14:02,554
Cartesius.

2260
02:14:06,886 --> 02:14:10,481
My very Dear Descartes, here
you are, finally back at Utrecht.

2261
02:14:10,886 --> 02:14:13,246
Madam , I'm flattered
by so much honour.

2262
02:14:13,246 --> 02:14:14,606
We were expecting you.

2263
02:14:14,606 --> 02:14:16,766
I was fifteen days at Amsterdam.

2264
02:14:16,766 --> 02:14:20,526
In this parlour, in which
madam Annamaria de Schurman

2265
02:14:20,526 --> 02:14:23,438
often receives the most famous
learned men of the Low Countries,

2266
02:14:23,926 --> 02:14:26,679
your absence was greatly felt.

2267
02:14:27,246 --> 02:14:29,476
In this way, you confuse
me dear friend.

2268
02:14:30,086 --> 02:14:32,966
We were told that you are preparing
the printing of a new work

2269
02:14:32,966 --> 02:14:34,606
at your printer's place of work.

2270
02:14:34,606 --> 02:14:38,526
We were very disappointed
when you renounced

2271
02:14:38,526 --> 02:14:40,646
printing the treatise on
the world out of fear...

2272
02:14:40,646 --> 02:14:42,766
You're wrong,
it wasn't out of fear,

2273
02:14:42,766 --> 02:14:45,917
it was out of respect
for authority and prudence.

2274
02:14:46,806 --> 02:14:48,206
Just prudence.

2275
02:14:48,206 --> 02:14:50,401
These friends have
come to listen to you.

2276
02:14:50,966 --> 02:14:54,406
My new work takes up ideas and
material from the treatise on the world.

2277
02:14:54,406 --> 02:14:58,806
Gentlemen , I've written the
project of a universal science,

2278
02:14:58,806 --> 02:15:01,766
that can raise nature to its
highest degree of perfection.

2279
02:15:01,766 --> 02:15:04,646
You're telling too little, my dear
Rene, you had talked to me so much

2280
02:15:04,646 --> 02:15:06,443
about your progress in metaphysics.

2281
02:15:06,966 --> 02:15:08,797
Are you afraid to illustrate it?

2282
02:15:09,526 --> 02:15:11,446
Have you written a
book on metaphysics?

2283
02:15:11,446 --> 02:15:13,562
Are you renouncing your
mathematical method?

2284
02:15:14,846 --> 02:15:18,726
Don't worry, I intend to
demonstrate the truths explained

2285
02:15:18,726 --> 02:15:21,479
until now by metaphysics
using new ways.

2286
02:15:22,726 --> 02:15:28,206
It would be sterile to have thought up
a method for the correct use of reason,

2287
02:15:28,206 --> 02:15:32,006
and not to employ it to demonstrate
the foundations of the creation

2288
02:15:32,006 --> 02:15:35,086
of the spirit and of what
surrounds it, beyond the theses

2289
02:15:35,086 --> 02:15:39,045
of scholars, without giving
anything to their reasoning.

2290
02:15:39,686 --> 02:15:42,803
Here's one of my new arguments.

2291
02:15:43,086 --> 02:15:45,526
We all know that sometimes
our senses trick us.

2292
02:15:45,526 --> 02:15:48,606
I suppose then nothing of what
we see is as our senses

2293
02:15:48,606 --> 02:15:51,886
make us perceive, but
if I doubt everything it is

2294
02:15:51,886 --> 02:15:57,926
immediately evident that I think
and if I think, I must be an entity.

2295
02:15:57,926 --> 02:16:01,760
I think, therefore I exist.

2296
02:16:02,606 --> 02:16:06,724
This certainty of being ,
I take from myself.

2297
02:16:08,326 --> 02:16:13,766
I am a substance whose natural
essence consists in thinking,

2298
02:16:13,766 --> 02:16:17,006
totally independent of
any other material thing.

2299
02:16:17,006 --> 02:16:21,126
Well, what I'm referring
to here is the soul,

2300
02:16:21,126 --> 02:16:23,765
by which I am what I am.

2301
02:16:24,486 --> 02:16:28,566
I then discovered, that none
of the things that exist:

2302
02:16:28,566 --> 02:16:33,206
the Earth, the light, colour,
appear superior to me,

2303
02:16:33,206 --> 02:16:37,326
more perfect than me, but who
put the idea in me of a being

2304
02:16:37,326 --> 02:16:38,566
more perfect than myself?

2305
02:16:38,566 --> 02:16:39,766
I asked myself.

2306
02:16:39,766 --> 02:16:43,206
Certainly, a more
perfect nature than mine,

2307
02:16:43,206 --> 02:16:46,726
is able to conceive
the idea of perfection,

2308
02:16:46,726 --> 02:16:50,765
in other words of an absolutely
perfect supernatural being

2309
02:16:51,286 --> 02:16:53,286
that I indicate with
a single word: God.

2310
02:16:53,286 --> 02:16:58,565
In my treatise, I also
demonstrate clearly,

2311
02:16:59,206 --> 02:17:03,606
the existence in myself and in
the world of a thinking substance

2312
02:17:03,606 --> 02:17:08,806
distinct from that of the body, but
which of the two is the nature of God?

2313
02:17:08,806 --> 02:17:13,446
I shall demonstrate that
God, certainly cannot be

2314
02:17:13,446 --> 02:17:18,046
a composition of two substances
- the bodily one and the thinking one

2315
02:17:18,046 --> 02:17:20,606
because the mixture would
be a sign of imperfection.

2316
02:17:20,606 --> 02:17:21,806
Dear Rene.

2317
02:17:21,806 --> 02:17:25,924
You talk of the existence of the soul
and of God in a really unusual way.

2318
02:17:26,966 --> 02:17:28,246
You moved me.

2319
02:17:28,246 --> 02:17:31,606
Your construction is very
bold and highly acute.

2320
02:17:31,606 --> 02:17:35,166
However, your distinction of
reality in bodily substance

2321
02:17:35,166 --> 02:17:37,886
and thinking substance will
provoke many objections.

2322
02:17:37,886 --> 02:17:39,566
I'll answer everyone.

2323
02:17:39,566 --> 02:17:43,766
In the meantime you must publish
my treatise as soon as possible,

2324
02:17:43,766 --> 02:17:45,996
I'll think about the
objections afterwards.

2325
02:17:47,846 --> 02:17:48,676
Madam.

2326
02:17:53,086 --> 02:17:55,202
Come here, good girl.

2327
02:18:03,126 --> 02:18:05,886
I've put in bread, butter,
cheese, candied fruit

2328
02:18:05,886 --> 02:18:08,446
and four pairs of tights
I made for you.

2329
02:18:08,446 --> 02:18:10,526
A person that possesses a
treasure without knowing it,

2330
02:18:10,526 --> 02:18:12,517
is much poorer than someone
who doesn't have one.

2331
02:18:12,886 --> 02:18:14,399
When will you arrive at Leida?

2332
02:18:15,006 --> 02:18:16,678
In two days, I've got a good horse.

2333
02:18:17,286 --> 02:18:19,206
You stayed with us for
too short a time.

2334
02:18:19,206 --> 02:18:22,646
I've got some duties to
perform, I can't do otherwise.

2335
02:18:22,646 --> 02:18:24,682
A pot of gold doesn't mean a hearth.

2336
02:18:25,526 --> 02:18:27,086
You cannot understand.

2337
02:18:27,086 --> 02:18:29,361
I'm talking for your daughter,
not for myself.

2338
02:18:30,126 --> 02:18:33,606
Elena, I hope that the day'll
come when I can live with Francine

2339
02:18:33,606 --> 02:18:35,886
and you as a family, just
like every other man does.

2340
02:18:35,886 --> 02:18:38,116
I pray to God every day for this.

2341
02:18:38,766 --> 02:18:41,486
Mr Descartes, your servant
has prepared the horses.

2342
02:18:41,486 --> 02:18:44,006
You should come to
Dventer more often.

2343
02:18:44,006 --> 02:18:47,442
I know. I thank you for
what you're doing for Elena.

2344
02:18:48,206 --> 02:18:49,480
I'll come back soon.

2345
02:18:56,566 --> 02:18:59,726
She's a really beautiful
creature, because she's perfect.

2346
02:18:59,726 --> 02:19:01,637
For me, it's like a miracle.

2347
02:19:02,126 --> 02:19:05,366
She's not a miracle, she's one
of nature's perfect machines,

2348
02:19:05,366 --> 02:19:07,596
her eyes, the pupils...

2349
02:19:33,006 --> 02:19:34,406
I'm going.

2350
02:19:34,406 --> 02:19:35,759
May God bless you.

2351
02:19:37,806 --> 02:19:39,239
Wave goodbye to dad.

2352
02:19:39,566 --> 02:19:41,204
Wave, wave.

2353
02:20:06,646 --> 02:20:08,806
But you talked to me
about a different title:

2354
02:20:08,806 --> 02:20:10,686
The project of a universal science.

2355
02:20:10,686 --> 02:20:14,918
At Paris and elsewhere scholastics are
ready to accuse all novelty as heresy.

2356
02:20:15,846 --> 02:20:18,366
A good friar advised me to be prudent.

2357
02:20:18,366 --> 02:20:21,403
This time again it was
your friend Father Mersenne.

2358
02:20:22,206 --> 02:20:23,958
He must be a very prudent man.

2359
02:20:24,846 --> 02:20:27,766
I'll begin to compose the reasoning
on the method straightaway,

2360
02:20:27,766 --> 02:20:30,234
it'll be ready quickly, very quickly.

2361
02:20:31,126 --> 02:20:34,766
Tomorrow I'll bring you the dedication which
you must print on the first three copies.

2362
02:20:34,766 --> 02:20:37,566
The first I shall address
to the Prince of Orange,

2363
02:20:37,566 --> 02:20:42,206
the sovereign of this country, the
second to Luigi XIII, king of France,

2364
02:20:42,206 --> 02:20:45,835
and the third to his prime
minister, Cardinal Richelieu.

2365
02:20:53,566 --> 02:20:54,681
Gentlemen.

2366
02:21:02,926 --> 02:21:04,806
I thank you for coming.

2367
02:21:04,806 --> 02:21:06,876
I admire you greatly, my dear Rene.

2368
02:21:07,726 --> 02:21:09,886
Will you accompany me home
at the end of the debate?

2369
02:21:09,886 --> 02:21:13,959
No, I can't madam , I must
leave straightaway for Samport.

2370
02:21:14,886 --> 02:21:16,726
Are to going to find
your daughter Francine?

2371
02:21:16,726 --> 02:21:18,682
Yes, I 'm going back to her.

2372
02:21:19,486 --> 02:21:21,875
Go, they're waiting for you.

2373
02:21:33,006 --> 02:21:35,395
There are numerous
objections to your treatise.

2374
02:21:36,886 --> 02:21:38,886
Then tell me your
objections, gentleman.

2375
02:21:38,886 --> 02:21:42,766
You have affirmed that you can be
certain about one single point:

2376
02:21:42,766 --> 02:21:46,086
that of being a thing that thinks,
but you still haven't told us

2377
02:21:46,086 --> 02:21:49,396
what this thing that thinks is for you.

2378
02:21:50,966 --> 02:21:54,006
You cannot say if the thing
that thinks is an entity

2379
02:21:54,006 --> 02:21:57,006
which through different and
secret movements produces that action

2380
02:21:57,006 --> 02:21:59,122
which we call
thought

2381
02:21:59,766 --> 02:22:04,840
You say, I am a thing that thinks,
I think, I am a thinking thing,

2382
02:22:05,646 --> 02:22:11,323
therefore I exist, therefore I am a
spirit, a soul an intellect a reason.

2383
02:22:12,166 --> 02:22:14,606
In my opinion, the
deduction is not exact,

2384
02:22:14,606 --> 02:22:19,286
it's as if you said, I'm a thinking
thing, therefore I'm a thought.

2385
02:22:19,286 --> 02:22:23,040
Or, I'm intelligent,
therefore I am an intellect.

2386
02:22:24,526 --> 02:22:27,446
It'd be like saying ,
I'm someone on a walk,

2387
02:22:27,446 --> 02:22:28,879
therefore I am a walk.

2388
02:22:29,646 --> 02:22:33,559
We cannot perceive any
act without its subject.

2389
02:22:34,206 --> 02:22:39,566
A thought without a thing that thinks,
science without a thing that knows

2390
02:22:39,566 --> 02:22:42,446
and a walk without a walker

2391
02:22:42,446 --> 02:22:46,886
and from this I seem to be able to
reach that something thought of

2392
02:22:46,886 --> 02:22:48,956
is also a bodily thing.

2393
02:22:51,006 --> 02:22:53,686
You sustain that the
idea of a sovereign being

2394
02:22:53,686 --> 02:22:55,686
cannot be born from itself,

2395
02:22:55,686 --> 02:23:00,123
but that it must have been infused
in you and in all men from outside,

2396
02:23:00,686 --> 02:23:05,126
but do you really believe that this idea
would ever have been born in your spirit

2397
02:23:05,126 --> 02:23:08,406
if you had spent all
your live in a dessert

2398
02:23:08,406 --> 02:23:10,681
and not in the company
of learned persons?

2399
02:23:12,286 --> 02:23:17,246
The Canadians, the Hurons and other
savages do not have this idea inside them.

2400
02:23:17,246 --> 02:23:22,246
Your idea of God is no different
by nature than the idea

2401
02:23:22,246 --> 02:23:25,124
of a number or of a line
that you say is infinite.

2402
02:23:26,126 --> 02:23:29,206
We do not find a single
word in your writings

2403
02:23:29,206 --> 02:23:31,766
concerning the immortality
of the human soul

2404
02:23:31,766 --> 02:23:34,886
that I believe you shouldn't
have overlooked demonstrating

2405
02:23:34,886 --> 02:23:37,806
to confound all those who
are unworthy of immortality

2406
02:23:37,806 --> 02:23:40,604
because they deny it,
perhaps because they fear it.

2407
02:23:41,726 --> 02:23:45,806
Mr Descartes, you have written
a subtle logical work,

2408
02:23:45,806 --> 02:23:50,686
the perfect mechanics of reason,
without ever referring to feelings

2409
02:23:50,686 --> 02:23:55,886
to passion, the heart of man,
you have never cited the Bible,

2410
02:23:55,886 --> 02:24:00,766
and in writing of God, you have never
revealed that his nature is a mystery,

2411
02:24:00,766 --> 02:24:03,726
from which the need for
faith is born in us.

2412
02:24:03,726 --> 02:24:07,526
By its nature,
faith is an impulse of the soul

2413
02:24:07,526 --> 02:24:10,438
that lives beyond reason
and illuminates it.

2414
02:24:11,046 --> 02:24:14,806
With your writings however, you have
demonstrated that there is nothing,

2415
02:24:14,806 --> 02:24:18,799
beyond reason capable of
leading man to the truth.

2416
02:24:21,486 --> 02:24:27,243
Gentlemen, I have listened to your
objections with great satisfaction,

2417
02:24:28,006 --> 02:24:32,166
because they have made me realise
your kindness towards me

2418
02:24:32,166 --> 02:24:36,079
and your piety to God.

2419
02:24:36,766 --> 02:24:39,046
So, I can only be happy,

2420
02:24:39,046 --> 02:24:42,486
not only because you
have judged my reasoning

2421
02:24:42,486 --> 02:24:47,241
worthy of your censure, but also
because you do not object to anything

2422
02:24:49,086 --> 02:24:53,006
about it, that I cannot
reply rather easily to.

2423
02:24:53,006 --> 02:24:56,006
Concerning the things that
belong to the spirit

2424
02:24:56,006 --> 02:25:00,158
until today we have
only had ideas.

2425
02:25:00,726 --> 02:25:07,006
Very confused ones and mixed up with the
ideas that come to us from sensitive things.

2426
02:25:07,006 --> 02:25:12,606
This is the first and main reason
that has impeded us from clearly

2427
02:25:12,606 --> 02:25:18,486
understanding everything
we can about God and the soul

2428
02:25:18,486 --> 02:25:25,006
and I think it no small
thing if I firstly show you

2429
02:25:25,006 --> 02:25:29,806
in which way it is necessary
to distinguish the properties,

2430
02:25:29,806 --> 02:25:33,276
and qualities of the spirit,
from those of the body

2431
02:25:33,646 --> 02:25:37,480
and how they can be recognised.

2432
02:25:38,006 --> 02:25:41,282
Gentlemen , this will be
a considerable enterprise.

2433
02:25:45,406 --> 02:25:47,636
Have you got the drafts
of the dedication?

2434
02:25:48,366 --> 02:25:49,879
Here they are.

2435
02:25:53,046 --> 02:25:55,846
Mr Descartes would never
forgive us if we leave

2436
02:25:55,846 --> 02:25:58,006
Any printing errors in his new book:

2437
02:25:58,006 --> 02:26:00,440
''Le Meditationes
de prima philosofia''.

2438
02:26:01,206 --> 02:26:05,886
Mr Descartes is very careful,
even about spelling and commas.

2439
02:26:05,886 --> 02:26:08,006
But aren't you coming back to
Paris for the end of the work.

2440
02:26:08,006 --> 02:26:10,600
No, I'm going to stay
in the Low Countries still.

2441
02:26:12,566 --> 02:26:18,646
<i>To the Deacon and Professors
of the holy faculty of theology of Paris.</i>

2442
02:26:18,646 --> 02:26:20,606
Mr Descartes is very prudent.

2443
02:26:20,606 --> 02:26:21,486
Certainly.

2444
02:26:21,486 --> 02:26:26,276
As a wise man knows how to be,
but ever since I've known him,

2445
02:26:26,886 --> 02:26:31,164
he's always sincerely said and
written everything he thinks.

2446
02:26:31,766 --> 02:26:37,126
He has written about geometry and
mathematics, optics and physiology

2447
02:26:37,126 --> 02:26:40,486
to find a new way to philosophise

2448
02:26:40,486 --> 02:26:44,526
in which no reason
is permitted that does not

2449
02:26:44,526 --> 02:26:47,245
possess absolute
mathematical evidence.

2450
02:26:48,006 --> 02:26:52,875
This has been his
research since childhood.

2451
02:27:00,846 --> 02:27:05,486
<i>Gentlemen, however strong
my reasoning may be,</i>

2452
02:27:05,486 --> 02:27:10,486
<i>I cannot hope that it will
have a great effect on spirits</i>

2453
02:27:10,486 --> 02:27:13,606
<i>if you do not take it
into your protection,</i>

2454
02:27:13,606 --> 02:27:18,086
<i>and I have no doubt that you will do
me the honour of taking such good care</i>

2455
02:27:18,086 --> 02:27:21,362
<i>of this text, and to correct
it first and foremost.</i>

2456
02:27:22,246 --> 02:27:26,726
<i>After this the reasons by
which I prove that God exists</i>

2457
02:27:26,726 --> 02:27:29,406
<i>and that the human soul
differs from the body</i>

2458
02:27:29,406 --> 02:27:33,286
<i>will be absolutely
clear and evident</i>

2459
02:27:33,286 --> 02:27:38,486
<i>and then I hope that you will declare
all this and testify this in public.</i>

2460
02:27:38,486 --> 02:27:42,886
<i>Truth will lead all
men of culture and intelligence</i>

2461
02:27:42,886 --> 02:27:45,525
<i>to subscribe to
your judgement.</i>

2462
02:27:54,766 --> 02:27:59,446
<i>When I say God,
I mean an infinite substance</i>

2463
02:27:59,446 --> 02:28:04,486
<i>from which I and all other
things have been created</i>

2464
02:28:04,486 --> 02:28:08,399
<i>and produced and I being a finite entity, could
not have the notion of an infinite substance,</i>

2465
02:28:09,126 --> 02:28:13,726
<i>if such notion had not
been inculcated in me</i>

2466
02:28:13,726 --> 02:28:19,005
<i>by a really
infinite substance.</i>

2467
02:28:25,846 --> 02:28:27,406
Mr Wigens has arrived.

2468
02:28:27,406 --> 02:28:28,725
Let him in.

2469
02:28:32,246 --> 02:28:33,126
Rene!

2470
02:28:33,126 --> 02:28:34,115
Costantino.

2471
02:28:36,486 --> 02:28:37,362
See?

2472
02:28:38,086 --> 02:28:40,554
Praise, objections, accusations.

2473
02:28:41,246 --> 02:28:47,640
It's success, but together with success,
God has given me the greatest of pains.

2474
02:28:48,766 --> 02:28:51,886
My father died in France
and no one told me

2475
02:28:51,886 --> 02:28:54,798
for fear of disturbing me,
as my brother wrote to me,

2476
02:28:57,406 --> 02:28:59,874
and Francine is also dead.

2477
02:29:00,566 --> 02:29:04,366
The light of my eyes,
who came to live

2478
02:29:04,366 --> 02:29:05,845
in this house
together with Elena.

2479
02:29:06,486 --> 02:29:10,886
I lived a short time,
too short a time with Francine.

2480
02:29:10,886 --> 02:29:14,526
Science has prevented
me from living.

2481
02:29:14,526 --> 02:29:18,206
We all have our own vocations
and must live them faithfully.

2482
02:29:18,206 --> 02:29:21,801
Everything we have comes
from God and his bounty.

2483
02:29:22,446 --> 02:29:23,561
Yes.

2484
02:29:33,006 --> 02:29:36,965
I will certainly continue
to live and to think

2485
02:29:37,486 --> 02:29:42,606
But now I will close
my eyes and plug my ears,

2486
02:29:43,046 --> 02:29:44,726
I will switch off my senses.

2487
02:29:44,726 --> 02:29:48,046
I wish to cancel all
images of bodily

2488
02:29:48,046 --> 02:29:52,286
things from my thoughts
and to entertain myself,

2489
02:29:52,286 --> 02:29:57,360
only with myself and to
live enclosed inside myself.

2490
02:30:01,126 --> 02:30:07,046
And perhaps, by searching
inside myself, I will succeed in

2491
02:30:07,046 --> 02:30:10,277
slowly placating the pain
and confusion of these days.

2492
02:30:11,326 --> 02:30:14,602
I shall prove to myself
that a thing, a soul that thinks,

2493
02:30:15,366 --> 02:30:21,686
means that it doubts, affirms,
denies and knows few things

2494
02:30:21,686 --> 02:30:27,006
and that is ignorant of many
things, that loves, hates and wants,

2495
02:30:27,006 --> 02:30:30,476
wants no more, remembers,
imagines and feels.

2496
02:30:31,246 --> 02:30:35,319
I shall try to extend my
knowledge through pain,

2497
02:30:36,126 --> 02:30:41,966
I shall carefully consider
if I can't still discover

2498
02:30:41,966 --> 02:30:47,279
some other thing that I haven't
perceived until this moment inside me.

2499
02:30:48,366 --> 02:30:52,120
I have the certainty of
being something that thinks,

2500
02:30:53,126 --> 02:30:56,516
but where does this
certainty come from.

2501
02:30:57,516 --> 02:31:07,516